Patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) can have complications that require management in the intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a retrospective study of patients undergoing HCT between 2007 and 2011 with admission to the ICU. We analyzed 97 patients, with an average age of 37 (range, 15 to 68). The main indications for HCT were hematologic malignancies (84%, n = 82). Ninety percent (n = 87) received myeloablative conditioning. Thirty-one percent were admitted (autologous transplant recipients 15%, allogeneic transplant recipients 34%, and umbilical cord blood [UCB] transplant recipients 48%) with an average length of stay of 19 days (range, 1 to 73 days). The average time between transplantation and transfer was 15 days. The main causes of admission were acute respiratory failure (63%) and septic shock (20%). ICU mortality was 20% for autologous transplantations and 64% for allogeneic transplantations (adult donor and UCB combined). On average, patients died 108 days after the transplantation (range, 4 to 320 days). One-year overall survival, comparing patients entering the ICU with those never admitted, was 16% versus 82% (P < .0001) for allogeneic transplantations (adult donor and UCB combined) and 80% versus 89% (P = not significant) for autologous transplantations. Acute graft-versus-host disease was significantly associated with death in ICU after UCB HCT. ICU support is satisfactory in about one half of patients admitted, characterized by a short and medium term prognosis not as unfavorable as has been previously reported. (C) 2015 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.