Plant growth and composition are regulated by top-down (e.g., herbivory) and bottom-up factors (e.g., resource availability). The relative importance of consumers and multiple resources for net primary production (NPP) and community structure have rarely been studied in drylands, which cover about one third of Earth's land surface, or with respect to increasingly common environmental changes such as urbanization. Urban expansion in drylands is likely to alter both nutrient availability and consumer populations. We explored the relative roles of herbivory, precipitation, and soil nitrogen (N) availability as drivers of aboveground NPP and composition of herbaceous communities in protected native ecosystems in the Sonoran Desert within and surrounding Phoenix, Arizona. Precipitation was the primary driver of production, while soil N availability had little effect on growth. Herbivory was secondarily important relative to precipitation, reducing aboveground biomass by similar to 33% regardless of proximity to the city. Protected desert open space supported distinct plant communities within and surrounding the city, but these patterns were more strongly related to bottom-up resources than consumers. Together, our results suggest that urbanization does not significantly affect the relative drivers of plant growth and structure in this arid ecosystem. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.