Introduction: Physical exercise has been widely recognized for its beneficial effects on cancer patients. Its role in oncological rehabilitation is becoming increasingly relevant, standing out as a complementary strategy to optimize clinical outcomes and overall patient well-being. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of exercise on cardiovascular mortality in cancer patients, its relationship with the reduction of treatment-related cardiotoxicity, such as that induced by chemotherapy, and its impact on the quality of life of oncology patients. Methodology: A total of 1,078 records were identified across various databases. After removing 587 duplicates and reviewing 491 records, 94 were excluded based on general criteria and 87 for irrelevance. Subsequently, 310 records were manually reviewed, with 248 requested for retrieval, and 200 reports were evaluated. Finally, 9 studies were included with 495 participants (average age: 53.69 years), assessing the effects of strength and resistance training in cancer. Results: The studies demonstrated significant improvements in cardiovascular parameters, including a reduction in biomarkers such as NT-proBNP and HS-TNT, as well as optimized blood pressure. Additionally, an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) was observed, reflecting enhanced cardiac function. Furthermore, a rise in Vo2máx, a key indicator of aerobic capacity, was recorded. Conclusions: Exercise, particularly strength and resistance training, has positive effects on the cardiovascular health of cancer patients, improving both physiological parameters and quality of life.