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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202452589 | ||||
| Año | 2025 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
ALMA-IMF observed 15 massive protoclusters capturing multiple spectral lines and the continuum emission. Here, we focus on the massive protocluster G351.77 (similar to 2500 M-circle dot, estimated from single-dish continuum observations) located at 2 kpc. We trace the dense gas emission and kinematics with N2H+ (1-0) at similar to 4 kau resolution. We estimate an N2H+ relative abundance of similar to(1.66 +/- 0.46) x 10(-10). We decompose the N2H+ emission into up to two velocity components, highlighting the kinematic complexity in the dense gas. By examining the position-velocity (PV) and position-position-velocity (PPV) diagrams on small scales, we observe clear inflow signatures (V-shapes) associated with 1.3 mm cores. The most prominent V-shape has a mass inflow rate of similar to 13.45 x 10(-4) M-circle dot yr(-1) and a short timescale of similar to 11.42 kyr. We also observe V-shapes without associated cores. This suggests both that cores or centers of accretion exist below the 1.3 mm detection limit, and that the V-shapes may be viable tracers of very early accretion and star formation on similar to 4 kau scales. The large-scale PV diagram shows that the protocluster is separated into two principal velocity structures separate by similar to 2 km s(-1). Combined with smaller-scale DCN and H2CO emission in the center, we propose a scenario of larger-scale slow contraction with rotation in the center based on simple toy models. This scenario is consistent with previous lines of evidence, and leads to the new suggestion of outside-in evolution of the protocluster as it collapses. The gas depletion times implied by the V-shapes are short (similar to 0.3 Myr), requiring either very fast cluster formation, and/or continuous mass feeding of the protocluster. The latter is possible via the Mother Filament that G351.77 is forming out of. The remarkable similarities in the properties of G351.77 and the recently published work in G353.41 indicate that many of the physical conditions inferred via the ALMA-IMF N2H+ observations may be generic to protoclusters.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sandoval-Garrido, N. A. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 2 | Stutz, A. M. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
CNRS - Chile Universidad de Chile - Chile |
| 3 | Alvarez-Gutierrez, Rodrigo H. | Hombre |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 4 | GARAY BRIGNARDELLO, GUIDO ALEJANDRO | Hombre |
Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico - México
Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica - México |
| 5 | Motte, F. | Mujer |
Univ Grenoble Alpes - Francia
Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) - Francia |
| 6 | Ginsburg, Adam | Hombre |
UNIV FLORIDA - Estados Unidos
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences - Estados Unidos |
| 7 | Cunningham, N. | - |
Jodrell Bank - Reino Unido
SKA Organisation, UK - Reino Unido |
| 8 | Reyes-Reyes, S. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Alemania |
| 9 | Redaelli, E. | Mujer |
European Southern Observ - Alemania
Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys - Alemania Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics - Alemania |
| 10 | Bonfand, M. | - |
UNIV VIRGINIA - Estados Unidos
University of Virginia - Estados Unidos |
| 11 | Salinas, J. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 12 | Koley, A. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 13 | Bernal-Mesina, G. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 14 | Braine, J. | Hombre |
Univ Bordeaux - Francia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux - Francia |
| 15 | Bronfman, L. | - |
Universidad de Chile - Chile
|
| 16 | Busquet, Gemma | Mujer |
Univ Barcelona UB - España
Univ Barcelona - España UPC - España Universitat de Barcelona - España Instituto de Estudios Espaciales de Cataluña - España |
| 17 | Csengeri, T. | - |
Univ Bordeaux - Francia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux - Francia |
| 18 | Di Francesco, James | Hombre |
NRC Herzberg Astron & Astrophys Res Ctr - Canadá
National Research Council Canada - Canadá |
| 19 | Fernandez-Lopez, Manuel | Hombre |
UNLP - Argentina
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Argentina |
| 20 | Garcia, P. | - |
CASSACA - China
Universidad Católica del Norte - Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy - Chile |
| 21 | Gusdorf, Antoine | Hombre |
Univ Paris Cite - Francia
Sorbonne Univ - Francia Laboratoire de Physique de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure - Francia L'Observatoire de Paris - Francia |
| 22 | Liu, H. L. | Hombre |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 23 | Sanhueza, Patricio | Hombre |
Inst Sci Tokyo - Japón
Natl Inst Nat Sci - Japón Institute of Science Tokyo - Japón National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan - Japón |
| Fuente |
|---|
| National Science Foundation |
| European Union |
| Fondecyt Regular |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación |
| NSF |
| European Research Council |
| Japan Society for the Promotion of Science |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) |
| University of Virginia |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) |
| Agence Nationale de la Recherche |
| French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) |
| CNES |
| CEA |
| ASIAA |
| Agencia Estatal de Investigación |
| National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute |
| National Radio Astronomy Observatory |
| National Institutes of Natural Sciences |
| National Research Council Canada |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme |
| Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy |
| INC/INP |
| Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales |
| NASA Astrophysics Theory Program |
| National Astronomical Observatory of Japan |
| China-Chile Joint Research Fund |
| UNAM-PAPIIT |
| Programme National 'Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU |
| Centro de Ecologia Aplicada |
| SOCHIAS |
| Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo |
| Associated Universities |
| CCJRF |
| ANID Basal Project |
| UNAM-PAPIIT project |
| European Research Council (ERC) via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL |
| ANID Beca Doctorado Nacional |
| MCIN/AEI |
| ANID-Subdirección de Capital Humano |
| ORP |
| Yunnan Fundamental Research Project |
| CONAHCyT Ciencia de Frontera |
| Chilean Astronomy Society |
| ANID-Subdireccion de Capital Humano Magister/Nacional |
| French State in the framework of the IdEx Universite de Bordeaux Investments for the Future Program |
| NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics program |
| Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) of JSPS |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| We thank the referee for carefully comments, which helped improve this paper. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01355.L, #2013.1.01365.S, and #2015.1.01273.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The project leading to this publication has received support from ORP, which is funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101004719 [ORP]. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL (grant 855130) and from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the project COSMHIC (ANR-20-CE31-0009). A.S. gratefully acknowledges support by the Fondecyt Regular (project code 1220610), and ANID BASAL project FB210003. R.A. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID Beca Doctorado Nacional 21200897. R.G.M. acknowledges support from UNAM-PAPIIT project IN108822 and from CONAHCyT Ciencia de Frontera project ID 86372. Part of this work was performed at the high-performance computers at IRyAUNAM. T.Cs. and M.B. have received financial support from the French State in the framework of the IdEx Universite de Bordeaux Investments for the future Program. A.G. acknowledges support from the NSF under grants AST 2008101 and CAREER 2142300. M.B. is a postdoctoral fellow in the University of Virginia's VICO collaboration and is funded by grants from the NASA Astrophysics Theory Program (grant number 80NSSC18K0558) and the NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics program (grant number 2206516). P.S. was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. R.A. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID Beca Doctorado Nacional 21200897. A.K. and L.B. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID BASAL project FB210003. S.R. acknowledges the funding and support of ANID-Subdireccion de Capital Humano Magister/Nacional/2021-22211000. G.B. acknowledge support from the PID2020-117710GB-I00 grant funded by MCIN/AEI(10.13039/501100011033 A.G. acknowledges the support of the Programme National 'Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire' (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES. H.-L. Liu is supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (grant No. 202301AT070118, 202401AS070121). This work is supported by the China-Chile Joint Research Fund (CCJRF No. 2312). CCJRF is provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) and established by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) and Chilean Astronomy Society (SOCHIAS) to support China-Chile collaborations in astronomy. P. Garcia is sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), through a grant to the CAS South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA). |
| We thank the referee for carefully comments, which helped improve this paper. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01355.L, #2013.1.01365.S, and #2015.1.01273.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. The project leading to this publication has received support from ORP, which is funded by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101004719 [ORP]. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) via the ERC Synergy Grant ECOGAL (grant 855130) and from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through the project COSMHIC (ANR-20-CE31-0009). A.S. gratefully acknowledges support by the Fondecyt Regular (project code 1220610), and ANID BASAL project FB210003. R.A. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID Beca Doctorado Nacional 21200897. R.G.M. acknowledges support from UNAM-PAPIIT project IN108822 and from CONAHCyT Ciencia de Frontera project ID 86372. Part of this work was performed at the high-performance computers at IRyAUNAM. T.Cs. and M.B. have received financial support from the French State in the framework of the IdEx Universit\u00E9 de Bordeaux Investments for the future Program. A.G. acknowledges support from the NSF under grants AST 2008101 and CAREER 2142300. M.B. is a postdoctoral fellow in the University of Virginia\u2019s VICO collaboration and is funded by grants from the NASA Astrophysics Theory Program (grant num- ber 80NSSC18K0558) and the NSF Astronomy & Astrophysics program (grant number 2206516). P.S. was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. R.A. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID Beca Doctorado Nacional 21200897. A.K. and L.B. gratefully acknowledges support from ANID BASAL project FB210003. S.R. acknowledges the funding and support of ANID-Subdirecci\u00F3n de Capital Humano Mag\u00EDster/Nacional/2021-22211000. G.B. acknowledge support from the PID2020-117710GB-I00 grant funded by MCIN/AEI(10.13039/501100011033 A.G. acknowledges the support of the Programme National \u2018Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire\u2019 (PCMI) of CNRS/INSU with INC/INP co-funded by CEA and CNES. H.-L. Liu is supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (grant No. 202301AT070118, 202401AS070121). This work is supported by the China-Chile Joint Research Fund (CCJRF No. 2312). CCJRF is provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) and established by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) and Chilean Astronomy Society (SOCHIAS) to support China-Chile collaborations in astronomy. P. Garc\u00EDa is sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), through a grant to the CAS South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA). |