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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202450145 | ||||
| Año | 2025 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Context. Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) exhibit a wide range of black hole masses and inflow/outflow properties. It is now possible to probe regions close to the event horizons of nearby supermassive black holes (SMBHs) using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) with earth-sized baselines, as performed by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). Aims. This study explores the emission properties of accretion and outflows near the event horizon of both low-mass and high-mass SMBHs. Using resistive general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GR-MHD) simulations, we model AGNs with thin Keplerian disks. This contrasts with widely studied models featuring thick disks, such as magnetically arrested disks (MADs) or the standard and normal evolution (SANE) scenario. Methods. Our GR-MHD models serve as simplified representations to study disk-jet-wind structures. These simulations are postprocessed and ray-traced, using constraints of black hole mass and observed spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Thermal synchrotron emission generated near the event horizon is used to create emission maps, which are analysed by separating accretion and outflow components to determine their contributions to the total intensity. Results. Whether the emission appears optically thick or thin at a given frequency depends on its position relative to the synchrotron SED peak. At 230 GHz, low-mass SMBHs appear optically thicker than high-mass ones, even at lower accretion rates. Doppler beaming affects the brightness of emission from outflows with changing viewing angles in low-mass systems. Conclusions. Eddington ratios from our models align with those inferred by the EHTC for M87 and SgrA* using thicker MAD/SANE models. Although thin disks are optically thicker, their spectral properties make high-mass systems appear optically thinner at 230 GHz-ideal for probing GR effects like photon rings. In contrast, low-mass systems remain optically thicker at these frequencies because of synchrotron self-absorption, making outflow emissions near the horizon more pronounced. However, distinguishing these features remains challenging with current EHT resolution.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
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| 2 | Fendt, C. | Hombre |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Alemania |
| 3 | SCHLEICHER, DOMINIK REINHOLD GEORG | Hombre |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
Sapienza Univ Roma - Italia Sapienza Università di Roma - Italia |
| 4 | Nagar, Neil M. | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
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| 5 | Agurto-Sepulveda, Felipe | - |
Univ Santiago de Compostela - España
Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE) - España |
| 6 | Pedreros, Javier | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
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| Fuente |
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| FONDECYT |
| Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |
| Agencia Estatal de Investigación |
| Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie |
| Spanish FPI |
| Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo |
| ANID Chile via Nucleo Milenio TITANs |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschafthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 |
| CAS-ANID |
| German Research Foundation DFG via the Research Unit FOR |
| Spanish FPI fellowship from AEI |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| We acknowledge funding from ANID Chile via Nucleo Milenio TITANs (NCN2023-002), Fondecyt 1221421, and Basal projects AFB-170002 and FB210003. B.B. thanks the CAS-ANID funding via project CAS220010. We thank Javier Lagunas for valuable discussions and collaborations. C.F. acknowledges the support of the German Research Foundation DFG via the Research Unit FOR 5195. All GR-MHD simulations were performed on the VERA cluster of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. C.F. thanks Qian Qian and Christos Vourellis for developing the resistive version rHARM-3D of the original GR-MHD code HARM-3D, kindly provided by Scott Noble. FAS is supported by the Spanish FPI fellowship from AEI grant PID2023-152148NB- I00. |
| We acknowledge funding from ANID Chile via Nucleo Milenio TITANs (NCN2023\u2212002), Fondecyt 1221421, and Basal projects AFB-170002 and FB210003. B.B. thanks the CAS-ANID funding via project CAS220010. We thank Javier Lagunas for valuable discussions and collaborations. C.F. acknowledges the support of the German Research Foundation DFG via the Research Unit FOR 5195. All GR-MHD simulations were performed on the VERA cluster of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. C.F. thanks Qian Qian and Christos Vourellis for developing the resistive version rHARM-3D of the original GR-MHD code HARM-3D, kindly provided by Scott Noble. FAS is supported by the Spanish FPI fellowship from AEI grant PID2023-152148NBI00. |
| We acknowledge funding from ANID Chile via Nucleo Milenio TITANs (NCN2023\u2212002), Fondecyt 1221421, and Basal projects AFB-170002 and FB210003. B.B. thanks the CAS-ANID funding via project CAS220010. We thank Javier Lagunas for valuable discussions and collaborations. C.F. acknowledges the support of the German Research Foundation DFG via the Research Unit FOR\u20095195. All GR-MHD simulations were performed on the VERA cluster of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy. C.F. thanks Qian Qian and Christos Vourellis for developing the resistive version rHARM-3D of the original GR-MHD code HARM-3D, kindly provided by Scott Noble. FAS is supported by the Spanish FPI fellowship from AEI grant PID2023-152148NB- I00. |