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The late December 2024 North Pacific swells on South American coasts
Indexado
WoS WOS:001500277200001
Scopus SCOPUS_ID:105007098365
DOI 10.1007/S11069-025-07366-1
Año 2025
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



In late December 2024, intense swells originating from persistent weather systems in the North Pacific Ocean impacted the Pacific coasts of South America. This study investigates their source, propagation, and impacts along the South American coastlines, placing the event within a broader climatological context. The analysis spans between December 15th, 2024, and January 15th, 2025, with a focus on extreme swells occurring in late December. To assess the event at both regional and local scales, we integrate data from tide gauges, wave buoys, wave hindcasts, and anecdotal evidence from online media. Our findings indicate that these swells were extreme both in terms of the wind source and wave characteristics throughout the Pacific Ocean. A latitudinal decay in wave heights near the source was accompanied by a progressive increase in peak periods due to frequency dispersion, reaching nearly 25 s on the west coast of South America. While sea-level records generally exhibited small non-tidal residuals, a few tide gauges experienced unusually large anomalies attributed to local conditions. The event caused four casualties in Ecuador and Chile, alongside widespread flooding, severe infrastructure damage, beach erosion, and port closures. The most impacted areas were sites with no or partial shelter to northwestern swells, where the natural protection from prevailing southwestern swells had historically supported tourism, industry, and fisheries. Our results highlight that, while these long-period swells are highly predictable, their impacts remain unavoidable due to the increasing exposure of coastal communities.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Natural Hazards 0921-030X

Métricas Externas



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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Water Resources
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
Sin Disciplinas

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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Winckler, Patricio Hombre Universidad de Valparaíso - Chile
Centro de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada del Riesgo de Desastres (CIGIDEN) - Chile
Ctr Observac Marino Estudios Riesgos Ambiente Cost - Chile
Centro de Observación Marino para Estudios de Riesgos del Ambiente Costero - Chile
2 Correa, Sebastian - Universidad de Valparaíso - Chile
3 Garreaud, Rene - Universidad de Chile - Chile
4 Carvajal, Matias - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - Chile

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Financiamiento



Fuente
FONDECYT
Fondef
Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA's

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.

Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
Patricio Winckler is supported by projects 1523A0009 FONDAP 2023 (CIGIDEN), FONDEF ID23I10078 and FONDECYT 1241930. Matias Carvajal is supported by FONDECYT 1231735. We acknowledge oceanographic data provided by PacIOOS (https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/voyager/), funded by NOAA's Awards #NA16NOS0120024 and #NA21NOS0120091. We thank SHOA's Centro Nacional de Datos Hidrograficos y Oceanograficos (Chile) for providing wave buoys data and Juan Pablo Jorquera for clarifying the instruments' setting. We acknowledge Direccion General Maritima, Autoridad Maritima Colombiana for providing wave records and the instruments' setting in Buenaventura. Pablo Caza and Luiggi Cardenas provided insights to warnings and impacts of the analyzed swells in Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Captains Luis Vidal and Gonzalo Concha are acknowledged for providing reports on warnings and impacts associated to the event. Olga Miranda provided useful help during the literature review. We thank Universidad de Valparaiso's Sistema de Alerta de Marejadas for providing the algorithms used in wave hindcasting (https://marejadas.uv.cl/) and acknowledge the suggestions provided by two unknown reviewers.
Patricio Winckler is supported by projects 1523A0009 FONDAP 2023 (CIGIDEN), FONDEF ID23I10078 and FONDECYT 1241930. Mat\u00EDas Carvajal is supported by FONDECYT 1231735. We acknowledge oceanographic data provided by PacIOOS ( https://www.pacioos.hawaii.edu/voyager/ ), funded by NOAA\u2019s Awards #NA16NOS0120024 and #NA21NOS0120091. We thank SHOA\u2019s Centro Nacional de Datos Hidrogr\u00E1ficos y Oceanogr\u00E1ficos (Chile) for providing wave buoys data and Juan Pablo Jorquera for clarifying the instruments\u2019 setting. We acknowledge Direcci\u00F3n General Mar\u00EDtima, Autoridad Mar\u00EDtima Colombiana for providing wave records and the instruments\u2019 setting in Buenaventura. Pablo Caza and Luiggi C\u00E1rdenas provided insights to warnings and impacts of the analyzed swells in Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Captains Luis Vidal and Gonzalo Concha are acknowledged for providing reports on warnings and impacts associated to the event. Olga Miranda provided useful help during the literature review. We thank Universidad de Valpara\u00EDso\u2019s Sistema de Alerta de Marejadas for providing the algorithms used in wave hindcasting ( https://marejadas.uv.cl/ ) and acknowledge the suggestions provided by two unknown reviewers.

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.