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Earthquake swarms frozen in an exhumed hydrothermal system (Bolfin Fault Zone, Chile)
Indexado
WoS WOS:001457358100001
DOI 10.5194/SE-16-23-2025
Año 2025
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



Earthquake swarms commonly occur in upper-crustal hydrothermal-magmatic systems and activate mesh-like fault networks. How these networks develop through space and time along seismic faults is poorly constrained in the geological record. Here, we describe a spatially dense array of small-displacement (< 1.5 m) epidote-rich fault veins (i.e., hybrid extensional-shear veins) within granitoids, occurring at the intersections of subsidiary faults with the exhumed seismogenic Bolfin Fault Zone (Atacama Fault System, northern Chile). Epidote hybrid extensional-shear veining occurred at 3-7 km depth and 200-300 degrees C ambient temperature. At a distance of <= 1 cm to fault veins, the magmatic quartz of the wall rock shows (i) thin (< 10 mu m thick) interlaced deformation lamellae and (ii) systematically crosscutting veinlets healed by quartz and feldspars, and it appears shattered at the vein contact. Clasts of deformed magmatic quartz, with deformation lamellae and healed veinlets, are included in the epidote-rich fault veins. Deformation of the wall-rock quartz is interpreted to record the transient large stress perturbation associated with the propagation of small earthquakes preceding conspicuous epidote mineralization. Conversely, the epidote-rich fault veins record cyclic events of extensional-to-hybrid veining and either aseismic or seismic shearing. The dilation and shearing behavior of the epidote-rich fault veins are interpreted to record the later development of a mature and hydraulically connected fault-fracture system. In this latter stage, the fault-fracture system cyclically ruptured due to fluid pressure fluctuations, possibly correlated with swarm-like earthquake sequences.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Solid Earth 1869-9510

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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Masoch, S. Mujer Univ Padua - Italia
Univ Nevada - Estados Unidos
2 Pennacchioni, Giorgio Hombre Univ Padua - Italia
3 Fondriest, M. Mujer Univ Padua - Italia
4 Gomila, Rodrigo Hombre Univ Padua - Italia
5 Poli, Piero - Univ Padua - Italia
6 Cembrano, Jose - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
CONICYT - Chile
7 Di Toro, G. Hombre Univ Padua - Italia
Ist Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol - Italia

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Financiamiento



Fuente
FONDECYT
Fondazione Ing. Aldo Gini
Fondazione CARIPARO
School of Science of Universita degli Studi di Padova
Marie Curie Actions (MSCA)
EU Horizon 2020 MSCA-IF DAMAGE
EU Horizon 2020 MSCA-IF FRICTION
Geosciences for Sustainable Development project (Budget Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca-Dipartimenti di Eccellenza)
European Research Council, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (NOFEAR)

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Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
This research has been supported by the European Research Council, HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council (NOFEAR, grant no. 614705 to Giulio Di Toro). Additional funding was provided by grants from the Fondazione CARIPARO (PhD scholarship), Fondazione Ing. Aldo Gini, and School of Science of Universita degli Studi di Padova (staying in Chile) to Simone Masoch; grant PRIN 2020WPMFE9 to Giorgio Pennacchioni and Giulio Di Toro; grants from EU Horizon 2020 MSCA-IF DAMAGE (grant no. 839880), NextGenerationEU (REACT project), the 2021 STARS Grants@Unipd program (STIFF project), and the Geosciences for Sustainable Development project (Budget Ministero dell'Universita e della Ricerca-Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023-2027 C93C23002690001) to Michele Fondriest; a grant from EU Horizon 2020 MSCA-IF FRICTION (grant no. 896346) to Rodrigo Gomila; and Fondecyt grant no. 1210591 on fluid transport through vein networks and at fault intersections in the crust to Jose Cembrano.

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