In response to evolving perspectives on natural hazards, traditional physical vulnerability reduction strategies have given way to more holistic urban resilience frameworks, incorporating urban management's economic, social, and institutional dimensions. This study identifies 14 criteria and 78 sub-criteria that influence urban resilience to earthquakes, using a combination of expert interviews and a comprehensive literature review. To address the complexities and uncertainties in decision-making, we developed a novel Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method, Fuzzy bilateral RANking COMparison (RANCOM), to evaluate both the weight and interrelationships of the criteria. Tehran's District 5 was selected as a case study, and 18 spatial layers were analyzed using ArcGIS, integrating the calculated criteria weights. Fuzzy bilateral RANCOM implementation illustrated that structural elements, land use, and natural factors are the most critical factors in resiliency assessment. Furthermore, the analysis showed that 2% of District 5 has very high resilience, 3% has high resilience, 76% has moderate resilience, and 19% falls into low and very low resilience categories. These findings indicate the importance of a multi-dimensional approach to urban resilience, offering critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management professionals to enhance earthquake preparedness and resilience across urban environments.