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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202452762 | ||||
| Año | 2025 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Context. Hot cores represent critical astrophysical environments for high-mass star formation, distinguished by their rich spectra of organic molecular emission lines. Nevertheless, comprehensive statistical analyses of extensive hot core samples remain relatively scarce in current astronomical research. Aims. We aim to utilize high-angular-resolution molecular line data from the Atacama Large Millimeter and Submillimeter Array (ALMA) to identify hot cores, with a particular focus on weak-emission candidates, and to provide one of the largest samples of hot core candidates to date. Methods. We propose to use spectral stacking and imaging techniques of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the ALMA-ATOMS survey, including line identification and weights, segmentation of line datacubes, resampling, stacking and normalization, moment 0 maps, and data analysis, to search for hot core candidates. The molecules involved include CH3OH, CH3OCHO, C2H5CN, C2H5OH, CH3OCH3, CH3COCH3, and CH3CHO. We classify cores with dense emission of CH3OH and at least one molecule from the other six molecules as hot core candidates. Results. In addition to the existing sample of 60 strong hot cores from the ALMA-ATOMS survey, we have detected 40 new weak candidates through stacking. All hot core candidates display compact emission from at least one of the other six COM species. For the strong sample, the stacking method provides molecular column density estimates that are consistent with previous fitting results. For the newly identified weak candidates, all species except CH3CHO show compact emission in the stacked image, which cannot be fully resolved spatially. These weak candidates exhibit column densities of COMs that are approximately one order of magnitude lower than the ones of the strong sample. The entire hot core sample, including the weak candidates, reveals tight correlations between the compact emission of CH3OH and other COM species, suggesting they may share a similar chemical environment for COMs, with CH3OH potentially acting as a precursor for other COMs. Among the 100 hot cores in total, 43 exhibit extended CH3CHO emission spatially correlated with SiO and (HCO+)-C-13, suggesting that CH3CHO may form in widely distributed shock regions. Conclusions. The molecular line stacking technique is used to identify hot core candidates in this work, leading to the identification of 40 new hot core candidates. Compared to spectral line fitting methods, it is faster and more convenient, and enables weaker hot cores to be detected with greater sensitivity.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Li, Zi-Yang | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
CASSACA - China Yunnan University - China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 2 | Liu, Xun-Chuan | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 3 | Liu, S. | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 4 | Qin, Sheng-Li | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 5 | Goldsmith, Paul | Hombre |
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology - Estados Unidos |
| 6 | Garcia, Pablo | - |
CASSACA - China
Universidad Católica del Norte - Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy - Chile |
| 7 | Peng, Yaping | - |
Kunming Univ Sci & Technol - China
Kunming University of Science and Technology - China |
| 8 | Chen, Li | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 9 | Jiao, Yunfan | - |
CASSACA - China
Univ Chinese Acad Sci - China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 10 | Kou, Zhiping | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Univ Chinese Acad Sci - China CASSACA - China Yunnan University - China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences - China Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory - China |
| 11 | Li, Chuanshou | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 12 | Zou, Jiahang | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
CASSACA - China Yunnan University - China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 13 | Tang, Mengyao | - |
Chuxiong Normal Univ - China
|
| 14 | Li, Shanghuo | - |
Nanjing Univ - China
Nanjing University - China Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China - China |
| 15 | Liu, Meizhu | - |
Guangzhou Univ - China
Guangzhou University - China |
| 16 | Garay, Guido | - |
CASSACA - China
Universidad de Chile - Chile Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy - Chile |
| 17 | Xu, Feng-Wei | - |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
Peking Univ - China Universität zu Köln - Alemania Peking University - China |
| 18 | Jiao, Wenyu | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 19 | Luo, Qiuyi | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 20 | Zhang, Suinan | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 21 | Gu, Qi-Lao | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 22 | Mai, Xiao Feng | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 23 | Zhang, Yan-Kun | - |
CASSACA - China
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 24 | Weng, Jixiang | - |
CASSACA - China
Univ Chinese Acad Sci - China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 25 | Lee, Chang-Won | - |
Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst - Corea del Sur
Univ Sci & Technol - Corea del Sur Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Corea del Sur University of Science and Technology (UST) - Corea del Sur |
| 26 | Sanhueza, Patricio | Hombre |
Inst Sci Tokyo - Japón
Natl Inst Nat Sci - Japón Univ Tokyo - Japón Institute of Science Tokyo - Japón National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan - Japón The University of Tokyo - Japón |
| 27 | Dib, Sami | Hombre |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Alemania |
| 28 | Das, Swagat R. | - |
Universidad de Chile - Chile
|
| 29 | Tang, Xin-Di | - |
CASSACA - China
Xinjiang Key Lab Radio Astrophys - China Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory - China Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Radio Astrophysics - China |
| 30 | Bronfman, Leonardo | - |
Universidad de Chile - Chile
|
| 31 | Gorai, Prasanta | - |
Univ Oslo - Noruega
Universitetet i Oslo - Noruega |
| 32 | Tatematsu, Ken'ichi | Hombre |
Natl Inst Nat Sci - Japón
National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Astronomical Observatory of Japan - Japón |
| 33 | Liu, H. L. | Hombre |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 34 | Yang, Dongting | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| 35 | Zhang, Zhenying | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
CASSACA - China Yunnan University - China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 36 | Shen, Xianjin | - |
Yunnan Univ - China
Yunnan University - China |
| Fuente |
|---|
| National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| National Key R&D Program of China |
| National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| National Research Foundation of Korea |
| Ministry of Education, Science and Technology |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| NSFC |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) |
| Japan Society for the Promotion of Science |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea |
| JSPS |
| Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute |
| Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo |
| Basic Science Research Program through the NRF - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology |
| Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |
| Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute - Korea government (MSIT) |
| Yunnan Fundamental Research Project |
| Tianchi Talent Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region |
| Xingdian Talent Support Plan-Youth Project |
| Xingdian Talent Support Plan |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| This work has been supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1603100). X.L. acknowledges the support of the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. XDB0800303. T.L. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), through grants No. 12073061 and No. 12122307, the Tianchi Talent Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. S.-L. Qin is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grant No.12033005. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). Y.P. Peng acknowledges support from NSFC through grant No. 12303028. L.B. and G.G. acknowledge support by the ANID BASAL project FB210003. C.W.L. acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2019R1A2C1010851) and from the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT; project No. 2024-1-841-00). PS was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. H.-L. Liu is supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (grant No. 202301AT070118, 202401AS070121), and by Xingdian Talent Support Plan-Youth Project. |
| This work has been supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1603100). X.L. acknowledges the support of the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No. XDB0800303. T.L. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), through grants No. 12073061 and No. 12122307, the Tianchi Talent Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. S.-L. Qin is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grant No.12033005. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). Y.P. Peng acknowledges support from NSFC through grant No. 12303028. L.B. and G.G. acknowledge support by the ANID BASAL project FB210003. C.W.L. acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2019R1A2C1010851) and from the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT; project No. 2024-1-841-00). PS was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. H.-L. Liu is supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Project (grant No. 202301AT070118, 202401AS070121), and by Xingdian Talent Support Plan\u2013Youth Project. |