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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202450876 | ||||
| Año | 2025 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Aims. We aim to characterize the X-ray-to-optical/near-infrared(NIR) broad-band emission of luminous quasars (QSOs) in the first gigayear (Gyr) of cosmic evolution in order to decipher whether or not they exhibit differences compared to the lower-z QSO population. Our goal is also to provide a reliable and uniform catalog of derivable properties for these objects (from fitting their spectral energy distribution), such as bolometric and monochromatic luminosities, Eddington ratios, dust extinction, and the strength of the hot dust emission. Methods. We gathered all available photometry -from XMM-Newton proprietary data in X-rays to rest-frame NIR wavelengths- for the 18 QSOs in the HYPERION samples (6.0 <= z <= 7.5). For sources lacking uniform NIR coverage, we conducted NIR observations in the J, H, and K bands. To increase the statistical robustness of our analysis across the UV-to-NIR region, we add 36 additional sources to our sample from the E-XQR-30 sample with 5.7 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 6.6. We characterized the X-ray/UV emission of each QSO using average SEDs from luminous Type 1 sources and calculated bolometric and monochromatic luminosities. Finally, we constructed a mean SED extending from the X-rays to the NIR bands. Results. We find that the UV-optical emission of these QSOs can be modeled with templates of z similar to 2 luminous QSOs. We observe that the bolometric luminosities derived while adopting some bolometric corrections at 3000 & Aring; (BC3000 & Aring;) largely used in the literature are slightly overestimated, by 0.13 dex, as they also include reprocessed IR emission. We estimate a revised value of BC3000 & Aring; = 3.3, which can be used to derive Lbol in z >= 6 QSOs. We provide a subsample of 11 QSOs with rest-frame NIR photometry; these show a broad range of hot dust emission strength, with two sources exhibiting low levels of emission. Despite potential observational biases arising from nonuniform photometric coverage and selection biases, we produce an X-ray-to-NIR mean SED for QSOs at z greater than or similar to 6 that is a good match to templates of lower-redshift, luminous QSOs up to the UV-optical range, with a slightly enhanced contribution from hot dust in the NIR.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Saccheo, Ivano | Hombre |
Univ Roma Tre - Italia
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia Università degli Studi Roma Tre - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 2 | Bongiorno, A. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 3 | Piconcelli, E. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 4 | Zappacosta, Luca | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 5 | Bischetti, M. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
UNIV TRIESTE - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia Università degli Studi di Trieste - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 6 | D’Odorico, Valentina | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
Scuola Normale Super Pisa - Italia Inst Fundamental Phys Universe IFPU - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe - Italia Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 7 | Done, C. | Hombre |
Univ Durham - Reino Unido
Durham University - Reino Unido |
| 8 | Temple, M. J. | - |
Univ Durham - Reino Unido
Durham University - Reino Unido |
| 9 | Testa, V. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 10 | Tortosa, A. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 11 | Brusa, Marcella | Mujer |
UNIV BOLOGNA - Italia
INAF - Italia Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna - Italia INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 12 | Carniani, Stefano | Hombre |
Scuola Normale Super Pisa - Italia
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa - Italia |
| 13 | Civano, F. | Mujer |
NASA - Estados Unidos
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center - Estados Unidos |
| 14 | Comastri, A. | Mujer |
INAF - Italia
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 15 | Cristiani, S. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
Inst Fundamental Phys Universe IFPU - Italia INFN - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe - Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - INFN - Italia |
| 16 | De Cicco, D. | - |
Univ Napoli Federico II - Italia
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile INAF Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte - Italia Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte - Italia |
| 17 | Elvis, Martin | Hombre |
Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian - Estados Unidos
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Estados Unidos |
| 18 | Fan, X. | - |
UNIV ARIZONA - Estados Unidos
The University of Arizona - Estados Unidos |
| 19 | Feruglio, Chiara | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
Inst Fundamental Phys Universe IFPU - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 20 | Fiore, Fabrizio | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
Inst Fundamental Phys Universe IFPU - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 21 | Gallerani, S. | Mujer |
Scuola Normale Super Pisa - Italia
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa - Italia |
| 22 | Giallongo, E. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 23 | Gilli, Roberto | Hombre |
INAF - Italia
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 24 | Grazian, A. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Padova - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 25 | Guainazzi, M. | Hombre |
European Space Agcy - Países Bajos
ESTEC - European Space Research and Technology Centre - Países Bajos |
| 26 | Haardt, F. | - |
Univ Insubria - Italia
Sez Milano Bicocca - Italia INAF - Italia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria - Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera - Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - INFN - Italia |
| 27 | Maiolino, R. | Hombre |
UNIV CAMBRIDGE - Reino Unido
UCL - Reino Unido Department of Physics - Reino Unido University of Cambridge - Reino Unido University College London - Reino Unido |
| 28 | Menci, N. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 29 | Miniutti, G. | - |
CSIC INTA - España
CSIC-INTA - Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) - España |
| 30 | Nicastro, F. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 31 | Paolillo, M. | Hombre |
Univ Napoli Federico II - Italia
INAF Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte - Italia Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte - Italia |
| 32 | Puccetti, Simonetta | Mujer |
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ASI - Italia
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana - Italia |
| 33 | Salvestrini, F. | - |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 34 | Schneider, R. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Univ Roma La Sapienza - Italia PREOSSERVAZ SERV - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Dipartimento di Fisica - Italia Sapienza Università di Roma - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 35 | Tombesi, F. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Tor Vergata Univ Rome - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" - Italia Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - INFN - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| 36 | Tripodi, R. | - |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Trieste - Italia
UNIV TRIESTE - Italia Inst Fundamental Phys Universe IFPU - Italia UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste - Italia Università degli Studi di Trieste - Italia IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe - Italia College of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences - Estados Unidos INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia |
| 37 | Valiante, R. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia
Univ Roma La Sapienza - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Dipartimento di Fisica - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia Sapienza Università di Roma - Italia |
| 38 | Vallini, Livia | Mujer |
INAF - Italia
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 39 | Vanzella, E. | Hombre |
INAF - Italia
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 40 | Vietri, G. | - |
Univ Ljubljana - Eslovenia
Univerza v Ljubljani - Eslovenia |
| 41 | Vignali, Cristian | Hombre |
UNIV BOLOGNA - Italia
INAF - Italia Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna - Italia INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 42 | Vito, F. | Hombre |
INAF - Italia
INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia |
| 43 | Volonteri, Marta | Mujer |
Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm Milano - Italia
Sorbonne Univ - Francia INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Bologna - Italia Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris - Francia INAF Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Milan - Italia |
| 44 | La Franca, F. | Hombre |
Univ Roma Tre - Italia
INAF Osservatorio Astron Roma - Italia Università degli Studi Roma Tre - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma - Italia |
| Fuente |
|---|
| European Commission |
| STFC |
| Science and Technology Facilities Council |
| INAF |
| Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica |
| Università degli Studi di Trieste |
| European Union - Next Generation EU |
| Bando Ricerca Fondamentale INAF |
| PRIN/MUR |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| We are grateful to the anonymous referee for their useful comments and suggestions which helped us to improve the paper. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Bando Ricerca Fondamentale INAF 2022 Large Grant "Toward an holistic view of the Titans: multi-band observations of z > 6 QSOs powered by greedy supermassive black holes". AB, MB, MB, SC, VD, FF, CF, SG, VT, NM, LZ acknowledge support from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022TKPB2P - BIG-z. MB acknowledges support from INAF project 1.05.12.04.01 - MINI-GRANTS di RSN1 "Mini-feedback" and from UniTs under FVG LR 2/2011 project D55-microgrants23 "Hyper-gal". DD acknowledges PON R&I 2021, CUP E65F21002880003. FT acknowledges funding from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022K9N5B4. GM acknowledges financial support by grant PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This work was supported by STFC grant ST/X001075/1. |
| We are grateful to the anonymous referee for their useful comments and suggestions which helped us to improve the paper. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Bando Ricerca Fondamentale INAF 2022 Large Grant \"Toward an holistic view of the Titans. multi-band observations of z > 6 QSOs powered by greedy supermassive black holes\". AB, MB, MB, SC, VD, FF, CF, SG, VT, NM, LZ acknowledge support from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022TKPB2P - BIG-z. MB acknowledges support from INAF project 1.05.12.04.01 - MINI-GRANTS di RSN1 \"Mini-feedback\" and from UniTs under FVG LR 2/2011 project D55-microgrants23 \"Hyper-gal\". DD acknowledges PON R&I 2021, CUP E65F21002880003. FT acknowledges funding from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022K9N5B4. GM acknowledges financial support by grant PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This work was supported by STFC grant ST/X001075/1. |
| We are grateful to the anonymous referee for their useful comments and suggestions which helped us to improve the paper. The authors acknowledge financial support from the Bando Ricerca Fondamentale INAF 2022 Large Grant \"Toward an holistic view of the Titans. multi-band observations of z > 6 QSOs powered by greedy supermassive black holes\". AB, MB, MB, SC, VD, FF, CF, SG, VT, NM, LZ acknowledge support from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022TKPB2P - BIG-z. MB acknowledges support from INAF project 1.05.12.04.01 - MINI-GRANTS di RSN1 \"Mini-feedback\" and from UniTs under FVG LR 2/2011 project D55-microgrants23 \"Hyper-gal\". DD acknowledges PON R&I 2021, CUP E65F21002880003. FT acknowledges funding from the European Union - Next Generation EU, PRIN/MUR 2022 2022K9N5B4. GM acknowledges financial support by grant PID2020-115325GB-C31 funded by MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This work was supported by STFC grant ST/X001075/1. |