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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202449794 | ||
| Año | 2024 | ||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Context. Investigating the flow of material along filamentary structures towards the central core can help provide insights into high-mass star formation and evolution. Aims. Our main motivation is to answer the question of what the properties of accretion flows are in star-forming clusters. We used data from the ALMA Evolutionary Study of High Mass Protocluster Formation in the Galaxy (ALMAGAL) survey to study 100 ALMAGAL regions at a similar to 1 '' resolution, located between similar to 2 and 6 kpc. Methods. Making use of the ALMAGAL similar to 1.3 mm line and continuum data, we estimated flow rates onto individual cores. We focus specifically on flow rates along filamentary structures associated with these cores. Our primary analysis is centered around position velocity cuts in H2CO (3(0, 3)-2(0, 2)), which allow us to measure the velocity fields surrounding these cores. Combining this work with column density estimates, we were able to derive the flow rates along the extended filamentary structures associated with cores in these regions. Results. We selected a sample of 100 ALMAGAL regions, covering four evolutionary stages from quiescent to protostellar, young stellar objects (YSOs), and HII regions (25 each). Using a dendrogram and line analysis, we identify a final sample of 182 cores in 87 regions. In this paper, we present 728 flow rates for our sample (4 per core), analysed in the context of evolutionary stage, distance from the core, and core mass. On average, for the whole sample, we derived flow rates on the order of similar to 10(-4) M-circle dot yr(-1) with estimated uncertainties of +/- 50%. We see increasing differences in the values among evolutionary stages, most notably between the less evolved (quiescent and protostellar) and more evolved (YSO and HII region) sources and we also see an increasing trend as we move further away from the centre of these cores. We also find a clear relationship between the calculated flow rates and core masses similar to M-2/3, which is in line with the result expected from the tidal-lobe accretion mechanism. The significance of these relationships is tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney U tests. Conclusions. Overall, we see an increasing trend in the relationships between the flow rate and the three investigated parameters, namely: evolutionary stage, distance from the core, and core mass.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wells, M. R. A. | - |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
|
| 2 | Beuther, H. | Hombre |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
|
| 3 | Molinari, Sergio | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 4 | Schilke, Peter | Hombre |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
|
| 5 | Battersby, C. | Mujer |
Univ Connecticut - Estados Unidos
|
| 6 | Ho, P. | - |
Acad Sinica - Taiwán
East Asian Observ - Estados Unidos |
| 7 | Sanchez-Monge, Alvaro | Hombre |
CSIC - España
Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC - España |
| 8 | Jones, B. | - |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
|
| 9 | Scheuck, M. B. | - |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
|
| 10 | Syed, J. | - |
Max Planck Inst Astron - Alemania
|
| 11 | Gieser, C. | - |
Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys - Alemania
|
| 12 | Kuiper, R. | Hombre |
Univ Duisburg Essen - Alemania
|
| 13 | Elia, Davide | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 14 | Coletta, A. | - |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
Univ Roma La Sapienza - Italia |
| 15 | Traficante, Alessio | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 16 | Wallace, J. | - |
Univ Connecticut - Estados Unidos
|
| 17 | Rigby, Andrew | Hombre |
UNIV LEEDS - Reino Unido
|
| 18 | Klessen, R. | Hombre |
Heidelberg Univ - Alemania
|
| 19 | Zhang, Q. | - |
Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys - Estados Unidos
|
| 20 | Walch, Stefanie | Mujer |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
|
| 21 | Beltran, Maria T. | Mujer |
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico Arcetri - Italia
|
| 22 | Tang, Y. | - |
Acad Sinica - Taiwán
|
| 23 | Fuller, Gary | Hombre |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
UNIV MANCHESTER - Reino Unido |
| 24 | Lis, Dariusz C. | Hombre |
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
|
| 25 | Moeller, T. | - |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
|
| 26 | van der Tak, F. | - |
SRON Netherlands Inst Space Res - Países Bajos
Univ Groningen - Países Bajos |
| 27 | Klaassen, Pamela D. | Mujer |
Royal Observ Edinburgh - Reino Unido
|
| 28 | Clarke, S. D. | - |
Univ Cologne - Alemania
Acad Sinica - Taiwán |
| 29 | Moscadelli, L. | - |
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico Arcetri - Italia
|
| 30 | Mininni, C. | - |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 31 | Zinnecker, H. | - |
Universidad Autónoma de Chile - Chile
|
| 32 | Maruccia, Y. | - |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 33 | Pezzuto, S. | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 34 | Benedettini, M. | - |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 35 | Soler, J. | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 36 | Brogan, C. L. | - |
Natl Radio Astron Observ NRAO - Estados Unidos
|
| 37 | Avison, A. | Hombre |
UNIV MANCHESTER - Reino Unido
UK ALMA Reg Ctr Node - Reino Unido Jodrell Bank - Reino Unido |
| 38 | Sanhueza, Patricio | Hombre |
Natl Inst Nat Sci - Japón
SOKENDAI Grad Univ Adv Studies - Japón |
| 39 | Schisano, Eugenio | Hombre |
INAF Ist Astrofis & Planetol Spaziale - Italia
|
| 40 | Liu, T. | - |
CASSACA - China
|
| 41 | Fontani, F. | Hombre |
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico Arcetri - Italia
Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys - Alemania PSL Res Univ - Francia |
| 42 | Rygl, K. L. J. | Hombre |
INAF Ist Radioastron - Italia
Italian ALMA Reg Ctr - Italia |
| 43 | Wyrowski, F. | - |
Max Planck Inst Radioastron MPIfR - Alemania
|
| 44 | Bally, John | Hombre |
UNIV COLORADO - Estados Unidos
|
| 45 | Walker, D. L. | - |
UK ALMA Reg Ctr Node - Reino Unido
|
| 46 | Ahmadi, A. | - |
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos
|
| 47 | Koch, Patrick Michel | Hombre |
Acad Sinica - Taiwán
|
| 48 | Merello, M. | - |
Universidad de Chile - Chile
|
| 49 | Law, C. Y. | - |
European Southern Observ - Alemania
Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia |
| 50 | Testi, L. | - |
INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico Arcetri - Italia
CNAF - Italia |
| Fuente |
|---|
| National Key R&D Program of China |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| JSPS |
| Shanghai Pujiang Program |
| German Science Foundation (DFG) |
| University of Cologne |
| MCIN/AEI |
| European Research Council via the ERC Synergy Grant "ECOGAL" |
| programme Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu |
| German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action in project "MAINN" |
| German Excellence Strategy via the Heidelberg Cluster of Excellence |
| MCI-AEI-FEDER, UE |
| European Union 'Next GenerationEU'/PRTR |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| The authors thank Felix Bosco and Daniel Seifried for their discussions during this work and the use of the KeplarFit code by FB. We would also like to thank the referee for the insightful comments and suggestions that improved the paper during the submission process. This research made significant use of astrodendro, a Python package to compute dendrograms of Astronomical data (http://www.dendrograms.org/), Astropy (http://www.astropy.org): a community-developed core Python package and an ecosystem of tools and resources for astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018, 2022), NumPy (Harris et al. 2020), matplotlib (Hunter 2007) and Spectral-Cube (Ginsburg et al. 2019). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA2019.1.00195.L. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. RSK acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council via the ERC Synergy Grant "ECOGAL" (project ID 855130), from the German Excellence Strategy via the Heidelberg Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2181 - 390900948) "STRUCTURES", and from the German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action in project "MAINN" (funding ID 50OO2206). RSK also thanks for computing resources provided by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts (MWK) of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg through bwHPC and the German Science Foundation (DFG) through grants INST 35/1134-1 FUGG and 35/1597-1 FUGG, and also for data storage at SDS@hd funded through grants INST 35/1314-1 FUGG and INST 35/1503-1 FUGG. Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). RK acknowledges financial support via the Heisenberg Research Grant funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under grant no. KU 2849/9, project no. 445783058. T.L. acknowledges support from the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1603100); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), through grants No. 12073061 and No. 12122307; the international partnership programme of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, through grant No. 114231KYSB20200009; and the Shanghai Pujiang Program 20PJ1415500. SW gratefully acknowledges funding via the Collaborative Research Center 1601 (sub-project A5) funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG). A.S.-M. acknowledges support from the RyC2021-032892-I grant funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union 'Next GenerationEU'/PRTR, as well as the programme Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M, and support from the PID2020-117710GB-I00 (MCI-AEI-FEDER, UE). PS was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. GAF gratefully acknowledges funding via the Collaborative Research Center 1601 (sub-project A2) funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG) and from the University of Cologne through its Global Faculty Program. |