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Genetics of Latin American Diversity Project: Insights into population genetics and association studies in admixed groups in the Americas
Indexado
WoS WOS:001381352400001
Scopus SCOPUS_ID:85208687528
DOI 10.1016/J.XGEN.2024.100692
Año 2024
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



Latin Americans are underrepresented in genetic studies, increasing disparities in personalized genomic medicine. Despite available genetic data from thousands of Latin Americans, accessing and navigating the bureaucratic hurdles for consent or access remains challenging. To address this, we introduce the Genetics of Latin American Diversity (GLAD) Project, compiling genome-wide information from 53,738 Latin Americans across 39 studies representing 46 geographical regions. Through GLAD, we identified heterogeneous ancestry composition and recent gene flow across the Americas. Additionally, we developed GLAD-match, a simulated annealing-based algorithm, to match the genetic background of external samples to our database, sharing summary statistics (i.e., allele and haplotype frequencies) without transferring individual-level genotypes. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of GLAD as a critical resource for evaluating statistical genetic software in the presence of admixture. By providing this resource, we promote genomic research in Latin Americans and contribute to the promises of personalized medicine to more people.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Cell Genomics 2666-979X

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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Cell Biology
Genetics & Heredity
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
Sin Disciplinas

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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Borda, Victor Hombre UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
2 Loesch, Douglas P. - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
3 Guo, Bing - University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
4 Laboulaye, Roland - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
5 Veliz-Otani, Diego - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
6 French, Jennifer N. - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
7 Leal, Thiago Peixoto - CLEVELAND CLIN - Estados Unidos
Cleveland Clinic Foundation - Estados Unidos
8 Gogarten, Stephanie M. Mujer UNIV WASHINGTON - Estados Unidos
University of Washington - Estados Unidos
9 Ikpe, Sunday - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
10 Gouveia, Mateus H. - Natl Human Genome Res Inst - Estados Unidos
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) - Estados Unidos
11 Mendes, Marla - Univ Fed Minas Gerais - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Brasil
12 Abecasis, Goncalo R. - UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan School of Public Health - Estados Unidos
13 Alvim, Isabela - Univ Fed Minas Gerais - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Brasil
14 Arboleda-Bustos, Carlos E. - UNIV NACL COLOMBIA - Colombia
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Colombia
15 Arboleda, Gonzalo Hombre UNIV NACL COLOMBIA - Colombia
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Colombia
16 Arboleda, Humberto Hombre UNIV NACL COLOMBIA - Colombia
Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Colombia
17 Barreto, Mauricio L. - Univ Fed Bahia - Brasil
Universidade Federal da Bahia - Brasil
18 Barwick, Lucas - Emmes Co - Estados Unidos
Emmes Company - Estados Unidos
19 Bezzera, Marcos A. - Univ Fed Pernambuco - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Brasil
20 Blangero, J. Hombre Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley - Estados Unidos
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
21 Borges, Vanderci - Univ Fed Sao Paulo - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Brasil
22 Caceres, Omar - INST NACL SALUD - Perú
Univ Cient Sur - Perú
National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
Universidad Científica del Sur - Perú
23 Cai, Jianwen - Univ North Carolina - Estados Unidos
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health - Estados Unidos
24 Chana-Cuevas, Pedro - Universidad de Santiago de Chile - Chile
25 Chen, Zhanghua - Univ Southern Calif - Estados Unidos
Keck School of Medicine of USC - Estados Unidos
26 Custer, Brian - Vitalant Res Inst - Estados Unidos
Vitalant Research Institute - Estados Unidos
27 Dean, Michael Hombre Natl Canc Inst - Estados Unidos
National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Estados Unidos
28 Dinardo, Carla - UNIV SAO PAULO - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
29 Domingos, Igor - Univ Fed Pernambuco - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - Brasil
30 Duggirala, Ravindranath - Univ Texas Rio Grande Valley - Estados Unidos
University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
31 Dieguez, Elena Mujer UNIV REPUBLICA - Uruguay
Universidad de la República - Uruguay
32 Fernandez, William Hombre Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Colombia
33 Ferraz, Henrique B. - Univ Fed Sao Paulo - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Brasil
34 Gilliland, Frank - Univ Southern Calif - Estados Unidos
Keck School of Medicine of USC - Estados Unidos
35 Guio, Heinner - INST NACL SALUD - Perú
INBIOMEDIC Res Ctr - Perú
Univ Huainuco - Perú
National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
INBIOMEDIC Research and Technological Center - Perú
Universidad de Huánuco - Perú
36 Horta, Bernardo - Univ Fed Pelotas - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Medicina - Brasil
37 Curran, Joanne E. - University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
38 Johnsen, Jill M. - Bloodworks Northwest Res Inst - Estados Unidos
Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute - Estados Unidos
39 Kaplan, Robert C. - Albert Einstein Coll Med - Estados Unidos
Fred Hutchinson Canc Ctr - Estados Unidos
Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Estados Unidos
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - Estados Unidos
40 Kelly, Shannon - Vitalant Res Inst - Estados Unidos
UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO - Estados Unidos
Vitalant Research Institute - Estados Unidos
UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland - Estados Unidos
University of California, San Francisco - Estados Unidos
41 Kenny, Eimear E. - Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai - Estados Unidos
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai - Estados Unidos
42 Konkle, Barbara A. - UNIV WASHINGTON - Estados Unidos
University of Washington School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
University of Washington - Estados Unidos
43 Kooperberg, Charles Hombre Fred Hutchinson Canc Ctr - Estados Unidos
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - Estados Unidos
44 Lescano, Andres G. Hombre UNIV REPUBLICA - Uruguay
Universidad de la República - Uruguay
45 Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda - Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
46 Loos, Ruth J. F. - Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai - Estados Unidos
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai - Estados Unidos
47 Manichaikul, Ani - UNIV VIRGINIA - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
University of Virginia School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
48 Meyers, Deborah A. - UNIV ARIZONA - Estados Unidos
The University of Arizona - Estados Unidos
49 Naslavsky, Michel S. - UNIV SAO PAULO - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
50 Nickerson, Deborah A. - UNIV WASHINGTON - Estados Unidos
University of Washington - Estados Unidos
51 North, Kari E. - Univ North Carolina Chapel Hill - Estados Unidos
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health - Estados Unidos
52 Padilla, Carlos Hombre INST NACL SALUD - Perú
National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
53 Preuss, Michael Hombre Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai - Estados Unidos
54 Raggio, Victor - UNIV REPUBLICA - Uruguay
Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Medicina - Uruguay
Universidad de la República - Uruguay
55 Reiner, Alexander P. - Fred Hutchinson Canc Ctr - Estados Unidos
UNIV WASHINGTON - Estados Unidos
University of Washington - Estados Unidos
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center - Estados Unidos
56 Rich, Stephen S. - University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
University of Virginia School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
57 Rieder, Carlos R. - Univ Fed Ciencias Saude Porto Alegre - Brasil
Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - Brasil
58 Rienstra, Michiel Hombre Univ Groningen - Países Bajos
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen - Países Bajos
59 Rotter, Jerome I. - Harbor UCLA Med Ctr - Estados Unidos
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center - Estados Unidos
60 Rundek, Tatjana - UNIV MIAMI - Estados Unidos
University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
61 Sacco, Ralph L. - UNIV MIAMI - Estados Unidos
University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
62 Sanchez, Cesar - National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
63 Sankaran, Vijay G. - Harvard Med Sch - Estados Unidos
Broad Inst MIT & Harvard - Estados Unidos
Harvard Medical School - Estados Unidos
Broad Institute - Estados Unidos
64 Santos-Lobato, Bruno Lopes - Univ Fed Para - Brasil
Universidade Federal da Bahia - Brasil
Universidade Federal do Pará - Brasil
65 Schumacher-Schuh, Artur Francisco - Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil
Hosp Clin Porto Alegre - Brasil
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil
Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Brasil
66 Scliar, Marilia O. - UNIV SAO PAULO - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
67 Silverman, Edwin K. - Brigham & Womens Hosp - Estados Unidos
Brigham and Women's Hospital - Estados Unidos
68 Sofer, Tamar Mujer Harvard Med Sch - Estados Unidos
Harvard Medical School - Estados Unidos
69 Lasky-Su, Jessica - Brigham & Womens Hosp - Estados Unidos
Brigham and Women's Hospital - Estados Unidos
70 Tumas, Vitor - UNIV SAO PAULO - Brasil
Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil
71 Weiss, Scott T. - Brigham & Womens Hosp - Estados Unidos
Brigham and Women's Hospital - Estados Unidos
72 Mata, Ignacio F. - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
73 Hernandez, Ryan D. - UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO - Estados Unidos
University of California, San Francisco - Estados Unidos
UCSF School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences - Estados Unidos
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences - Estados Unidos
74 Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo - UNIV PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA - Perú
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Brasil
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia - Perú
75 O'Connor, Timothy D. - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
University of Maryland School of Medicine - Estados Unidos
76 Latin Amer Res Consortium Genet Parkinsons Dis LARGE PD Corporación
77 Natl Inst Neurol Disorders and Stroke NINDS Stroke Genetics Corporación
78 Trans-Omics For Precision Med Corporación

Muestra la afiliación y género (detectado) para los co-autores de la publicación.

Financiamiento



Fuente
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq
NIH
National Institutes of Health
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Human Genome Research Institute
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
National Institute on Aging
FAPEMIG (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais)
Ministério da Saúde
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH
NIH/NINDS
Broad Institute
MESA
TOPMed Informatics Research Center
McDonnell Genome Institute
'National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)'
Programa Nacional de Genomica e Saude de Precisao-Genomas Brasil from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (CNPq)
National Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH
Research Training in the Epidemiology of Aging - National Institute on Aging
Genetics of Parkinson's Disease
NINDS-sponsored Stroke Genetics Network
Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center
Research Training in the Epidemiology of Aging
Singapore Immunology Network
Northwest Genomics Center

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.

Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
We would like to thank Evangeline ''Eevee'' O'Connor for assistance in providing an acronym that is both accurate and contributes to generally uplifting our research. T.D.O., V.B., R.L., and D.V.-O. were supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH under award no. R35HG010692. E.T.-S. was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) RED 00314-16, Programa Nacional de Genomica e Saude de Precisao-Genomas Brasil from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (CNPq Process 403502/2020-9) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico-CNPq. R.D.H. is supported by the NIH under award no. R01 GM142112. D.P.L. was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH under award no. T32 HL00769825. J.N.F. was supported by Research Training in the Epidemiology of Aging, funded by the National Institute on Aging under award no. T32 AG000262. The Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease (LARGE-PD) is funded by the NIH/NINDS through award no. R01 NS112499. The NINDS-sponsored Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) is funded by the NIH/NINDS under award nos. R01 NS105150 and R01 NS100178. The Genome Sequencing for the Trans-Omics in Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: The Genetic Epidemiology of Asthma in Costa Rica'' (phs000988.v3p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I/3R37HL066289-13S1). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS)'' (phs001215.v4.p2) was performed at Illumina (3R01HL11332303S1 and R01HL113322). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Women's Health Initiative (WHI)'' (phs001237.v3.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (HHSN268201500014C). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Hispanic Community Health Study -Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)'' (phs001395.v2.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis'' (MESA) (phs001416.v2.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (3U54HG003067-13S1). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP)'' (phs001446.v2.p1) was performed at New York Genome Center Genomics (3U54HG003067-13S1). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III Brazil Sickle Cell Disease Cohort (REDS-BSCDC)'' (phs001468.v3.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I/HHSN268201500015C). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: My Life Our Future (MLOF) Research Repository of Patients with Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency) or Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)'' (phs001515.v2.p2) was performed at New York Genome Center Genomics (HHSN268201500016C). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Boston-Brazil Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Cohort'' (phs001599.v1.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I, HHSN268201500015C, and HHSN268201600033). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Children's Health Study (CHS) Integrative Genomics and Environmental Research of Asthma (IGERA)'' (phs001603.v2.p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Children's Health Study (CHS) Effects of Air Pollution on the Development of Obesity in Children (Meta-AIR)'' (phs001604.v2. p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: NHGRI CCDG: The BioMe Biobank at Mount Sinai'' (phs001644.v2.p2) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I) and the McDonnell Genome Institute (HHSN268201600037I). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC)'' (phs001662.v2.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (HHSN268201600034I). Genome sequencing for ''NHLBI TOPMed: Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP)'' (phs0017265.v2.p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Core support, including centralized genomic read mapping and genotype calling, along with variant quality metrics and filtering, were provided by the TOPMed Informatics Research Center (3R01HL-117626-02S1; contract HHSN268201800002I). Core support, including phenotype harmonization, data management, sample-identity QC, and general program coordination, were provided by the TOPMed Data Coordinating Center (R01HL-120393 and U01HL-120393; contract HHSN268201800001I). We gratefully acknowledge the studies and participants who provided biological samples and data for TOPMed. The full study-specific acknowledgments are included in Data S1.
We would like to thank Evangeline \u201CEevee\u201D O'Connor for assistance in providing an acronym that is both accurate and contributes to generally uplifting our research. T.D.O., V.B., R.L., and D.V.-O. were supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH under award no. R35HG010692. E.T.-S. was supported by FAPEMIG (Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) RED 00314-16, Programa Nacional de Gen\u00F4mica e Sa\u00FAde de Precis\u00E3o \u2013 Genomas Brasil from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (CNPq Process 403502/2020-9) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico - CNPq. R.D.H. is supported by the NIH under award no. R01 GM142112. D.P.L. was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH under award no. T32 HL007698-25. J.N.F. was supported by Research Training in the Epidemiology of Aging, funded by the National Institute on Aging under award no. T32 AG000262. The Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease (LARGE-PD) is funded by the NIH/NINDS through award no. R01 NS112499. The NINDS-sponsored Stroke Genetics Network (SiGN) is funded by the NIH/NINDS under award nos. R01 NS105150 and R01 NS100178. The Genome Sequencing for the Trans-Omics in Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: The Genetic Epidemiology of Asthma in Costa Rica\u201D (phs000988.v3p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I/3R37HL066289-13S1). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS)\u201D (phs001215.v4.p2) was performed at Illumina (3R01HL113323-03S1 and R01HL113322). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Women's Health Initiative (WHI)\u201D (phs001237.v3.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (HHSN268201500014C). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Hispanic Community Health Study - Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)\u201D (phs001395.v2.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis\u201D (MESA) (phs001416.v2.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (3U54HG003067-13S1). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP)\u201D (phs001446.v2.p1) was performed at New York Genome Center Genomics (3U54HG003067-13S1). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III Brazil Sickle Cell Disease Cohort (REDS-BSCDC)\u201D (phs001468.v3.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I/HHSN268201500015C). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: My Life Our Future (MLOF) Research Repository of Patients with Hemophilia A (Factor VIII Deficiency) or Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency)\u201D (phs001515.v2.p2) was performed at New York Genome Center Genomics (HHSN268201500016C). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Boston-Brazil Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Cohort\u201D (phs001599.v1.p1) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I, HHSN268201500015C, and HHSN268201600033). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Children's Health Study (CHS) Integrative Genomics and Environmental Research of Asthma (IGERA)\u201D (phs001603.v2.p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Children's Health Study (CHS) Effects of Air Pollution on the Development of Obesity in Children (Meta-AIR)\u201D (phs001604.v2.p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: NHGRI CCDG: The BioMe Biobank at Mount Sinai\u201D (phs001644.v2.p2) was performed at Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (HHSN268201600033I) and the McDonnell Genome Institute (HHSN268201600037I). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Lung Tissue Research Consortium (LTRC)\u201D (phs001662.v2.p1) was performed at Broad Institute Genomics Platform (HHSN268201600034I). Genome sequencing for \u201CNHLBI TOPMed: Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP)\u201D (phs0017265.v2.p1) was performed at Northwest Genomics Center (HHSN268201600032I). Core support, including centralized genomic read mapping and genotype calling, along with variant quality metrics and filtering, were provided by the TOPMed Informatics Research Center (3R01HL-117626-02S1; contract HHSN268201800002I). Core support, including phenotype harmonization, data management, sample-identity QC, and general program coordination, were provided by the TOPMed Data Coordinating Center (R01HL-120393 and U01HL-120393; contract HHSN268201800001I). We gratefully acknowledge the studies and participants who provided biological samples and data for TOPMed. The full study-specific acknowledgments are included in Data S1.

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.