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The Palomar twilight survey of ‘Ayló’chaxnim, Atiras, and comets
Indexado
WoS WOS:001331420800001
Scopus SCOPUS_ID:85205319392
DOI 10.1016/J.ICARUS.2024.116333
Año 2025
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



Near-sun sky twilight observations allow for the detection of asteroids interior to the orbit of Venus (Aylos) and the Earth (Atiras) and comets. We present the results of observations with the Palomar 48-inch telescope (P48)/Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) camera in 30 s r-band exposures taken during evening astronomical twilight from 2019 Sep 20 to 2022 March 7 and during morning astronomical twilight sky from 2019 Sep 21 to 2022 Sep 29. More than 21,940 exposures were taken in evening astronomical twilight within 31 degrees and 66 degrees from the Sun with an r-band limiting magnitude between 18.0 and 20.8 (5th to 95th percentile), and more than 24,370 exposures were taken in morning astronomical twilight within 31 degrees and 65 degrees from the Sun with an r-band limiting magnitude between 18.2 and 20.9 (5th to 95th percentile). The morning and evening twilight pointings show a slight seasonal dependence in limiting magnitude and ability to point closer towards the Sun, with limiting magnitude improving by 0.5 magnitudes during the summer months and Sun-centric angular distances as small as 31-32 degrees during the spring and fall months. In total, the one Aylo, (594913) 'Ayl & oacute;'chaxnim, and 4 Atiras, 2020 OV1, 2021 BS1, 2021 PB2, and 2021 VR3, were discovered in evening and morning twilight observations. Additional twilight survey discoveries also include 6 long period comets: C/2020 T2, C/2020 V2, C/2021 D2, C/2021 E3, C/2022 E3 and C/2022 P3, and two short period comets: P/2021 N1 and P/2022 P2 using deep learning comet detection pipelines. The P48/ZTF twilight survey also recovered 11 known Atiras, one Aylo, three short period comes, two long period comets, one interstellar object, 45,536 Main Belt asteroids, and 265 near-Earth objects. Additionally, observations from the GROWTH network of telescopes were used to recover the Aylo, Atira, and comet discoveries made during the ZTF twilight survey. Lastly, we discuss the future twilight surveys for the discovery of Aylos such as with the Vera Rubin Observatory which will have a twilight survey starting in its first year of operations and will cover the sky as within 45 degrees from the Sun. Twilight surveys such as those by ZTF and future surveys will provide opportunities for the discovery of asteroids inside the orbits of the terrestrial planets that would otherwise be unavailable in conventional sky survey observations.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Icarus 0019-1035

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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Bolin, B. T. Hombre Goddard Space Flight Ctr - Estados Unidos
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
Infrared Processing & Analysis Center - Estados Unidos
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center - Estados Unidos
2 Masci, F. J. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Infrared Processing & Analysis Center - Estados Unidos
3 Coughlin, Michael W. Hombre Univ Minnesota Twin Cities - Estados Unidos
College of Science and Engineering - Estados Unidos
4 Duev, D. A. - Weights & Biases - Estados Unidos
San Francisco Office - Estados Unidos
5 Ivezić - University of Washington - Estados Unidos
5 Ivezić - University of Washington - Estados Unidos
5 Ivezic, Z. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
6 Jones, R. L. - Aerotek & Rubin Observ - Estados Unidos
Aerotek and Rubin Observatory - Estados Unidos
7 Yoachim, P. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
University of Washington - Estados Unidos
8 Ahumada, T. - UNIV MARYLAND - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
College of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences - Estados Unidos
9 Bhalerao, V. - Indian Inst Technol - India
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India
10 Choudhary, H. - Indian Inst Technol - India
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India
11 CONTRERAS-HIDALGO, CARLOS SEBASTIAN Hombre Observatorio Las Campanas - Chile
Las Campanas Observatory - Chile
12 Cheng, Y. -C. - Weights & Biases - Estados Unidos
Natl Taiwan Normal Univ - Taiwán
National Taiwan Normal University - Taiwán
12 Cheng, Y. C. - National Taiwan Normal University - Taiwán
13 Copperwheat, C. M. - Liverpool Science Park - Reino Unido
14 Deshmukh, K. - Indian Inst Technol - India
KU Leuven - Bélgica
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India
15 Fremling, Christoffer Hombre CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Helsinki Inst Informat Technol - Finlandia
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology - Estados Unidos
16 Granvik, M. Hombre Univ Helsinki - Finlandia
Univ Technol - Suecia
Helsingin Yliopisto - Finlandia
University of Technology - Suecia
17 Hardegree-Ullman, K. K. - Katholieke Univ Leuven - Bélgica
UNIV ARIZONA - Estados Unidos
The University of Arizona - Estados Unidos
18 Ho, A. Y. Q. - CORNELL UNIV - Estados Unidos
Cornell University - Estados Unidos
18 Ho, A. Y.Q. - Cornell University - Estados Unidos
19 Jedicke, R. Hombre Univ Hawaii - Estados Unidos
University Hawaii Institute for Astronomy - Estados Unidos
20 Kasliwal, M. M. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
21 Kumar, H. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India
22 Lin, Z. -Y. - Weights & Biases - Estados Unidos
National Taiwan Normal University - Taiwán
22 Lin, Z. Y. - National Taiwan Normal University - Taiwán
23 Mahabal, A. A. Hombre CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
24 Monson, Andrew Hombre Katholieke Univ Leuven - Bélgica
UNIV ARIZONA - Estados Unidos
The University of Arizona - Estados Unidos
25 Neill, James D. Hombre CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology - Estados Unidos
26 Nesvorny, David Hombre Southwest Res Inst - Estados Unidos
Space Science and Engineering Division - Estados Unidos
27 Perley, D. A. - Natl Taiwan Normal Univ - Taiwán
Liverpool Science Park - Reino Unido
28 Purdum, J. N. - California Institute of Technology - Estados Unidos
29 Quimby, Robert M. Hombre SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV - Estados Unidos
Univ Tokyo - Japón
SDSU College of Sciences - Estados Unidos
The University of Tokyo - Japón
30 Serabyn, Gene Hombre UNIV WASHINGTON - Estados Unidos
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology - Estados Unidos
31 Sharma, K. - CALTECH - Estados Unidos
California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science - Estados Unidos
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India
32 Swain, V. - Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - India

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Financiamiento



Fuente
National Science Foundation
US National Science Foundation
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
University of Washington
Heising-Simons Foundation
Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao
UK Research and Innovation
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
Michigan State University (MSU)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Michigan State University
University of Warwick
Los Alamos National Laboratory
University of Maryland
Liverpool John Moores University
Trinity College Dublin
Northwestern University
University of North Carolina
IPAC
Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Humboldt University
Weizmann Institute for Science
LNA
Ruhr-Universität Bochum
University of Maryland , Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.

Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
Based in part on observations obtained at the Southern Astro-physical Research (SOAR) telescope, which is a joint project of the Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovac & otilde;es (MCTI/LNA) do Brasil, the US National Science Foundation's NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) , and Michigan State University (MSU) . CMC receives funding from UKRI grant numbers ST/X005933/1 and ST/W001934/1. The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Obser-vatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Labora-tory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA 80NM0018D0004.
C.F. acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation (grant 2018-0907 ).
The authors thank the anonymous reviewers, and the editor, Lauri Faega, for their comments and guidance in improving the manuscript. Additionally, the authors thank R. S. Walters for their help in follow up of comets and asteroids form Palomar Observatory and C.W. Stubbs for helpful discussion on the Rubin twilight survey. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the cultural significance that Palomar Mountain has for the Pauma Band of the Luise\u00F1o Indians. The data presented in this paper are available in ZTF data release 19. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation, United States under Grants No. AST-1440341 and AST-2034437 and a collaboration including current partners Caltech, United States, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, United States, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, IN2P3, France, University of Warwick, United Kingdom, Ruhr University Bochum, Northwestern University and former partners the University of Washington, Los Alamos National Laboratories, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. C.A. C.F. acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation, United States (grant #2018-0907). M. W. Coughlin acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation, United States with grant numbers PHY-2308862 and PHY-2117997. Based in part on observations obtained at the Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope, which is a joint project of the Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00E7\u00F5es (MCTI/LNA) do Brasil, the US National Science Foundation's NOIRLab, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), and Michigan State University (MSU). CMC receives funding from UKRI grant numbers ST/X005933/1 and ST/W001934/1. The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Part of this work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with NASA 80NM0018D0004.
CMC receives funding from UKRI grant numbers ST/X005933/1 and ST/W001934/1 . The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.
M. W. Coughlin acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation with grant numbers PHY-2308862 and PHY-2117997 .
C.F. acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation (grant 2018-0907 ).

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.