This systematic review aims to identify the factors influencing peer violence in Colombian schools, based on academic literature in Spanish published between 2019 and 2023. Databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Redalyc, SciELO, and Google Scholar were searched, focusing on studies addressing peer violence in school contexts. Studies were selected according to inclusion criteria and evaluated for methodological quality. A total of 26 studies were included, examining psychosocial, family, school, and mental health factors. Law 1620 of 2013 was identified as a key measure to regulate school violence, though limitations in its implementation were found. Peer violence in Colombian schools is influenced by individual, family, and school factors. Educational and policy interventions, along with family support and mental health promotion, are essential to mitigate this issue.