To achieve sustainable and profitable production of sorghum for energy purposes, it is crucial to ensure the efficient use of the nutrients necessary for its growth and development. This research investigates the influence of diverse management practices on biomass production, nutrient use efficiency, and nitrogen balance in two sorghum hybrids cultivated for bioenergy applications. A comprehensive field study was conducted over two growing seasons, evaluating the effects of fertilization methods and crop rotation strategies. Results indicate that high nitrogen (HN) fertilization increased dry biomass production (up to 20.7 Mg ha−1) and nutrient removal (up to 343.5 kg K ha−1) in both sorghum hybrids. The H128 hybrid showed higher nutrient use efficiency, especially for phosphorus, while the nitrogen balance was positive under HN but varied under low nitrogen (LN), with the H133 hybrid experiencing a net nitrogen loss at LN. These findings contribute valuable insights into sustainable sorghum cultivation for bioenergy production, highlighting the importance of tailored management practices in achieving optimal crop performance.