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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202449503 | ||||
| Año | 2024 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Context. The structure and kinematics of the old component of the Galactic bulge are still a matter of debate. It is clear that the bulk of the bulge as traced by red clump stars includes two main components, which are usually identified as the metal-rich and metal-poor components. They have different shapes, kinematics, mean metallicities, and alpha-element abundances. It is our current understanding that they are associated with a bar and a spheroid, respectively. On the other hand, RR Lyrae variables trace the oldest population of the bulge. While it would be natural to think that they follow the structure and kinematics of the metal-poor component, the data analysed in the literature show conflicting results. Aims. We aim to derive a rotation curve for bulge RR Lyrae stars in order to determine that the old component traced by these stars is distinct from the two main components observed in the Galactic bulge. Methods. This paper combines APOGEE-2S spectra with OGLE-IV light curves, near-infrared photometry, and proper motions from the VISTA Variables in the V & iacute;a L & aacute;ctea survey for 4193 RR Lyrae stars. Six-dimensional phase-space coordinates were used to calculate orbits within an updated Galactic potential and to isolate the stars. Results. The stars that stay confined within the bulge represent 57% of our sample. Our results show that bulge RR Lyrae variables rotate more slowly than metal-rich red clump stars and have a lower velocity dispersion. Their kinematics is compatible with them being the low-metallicity tail of the metal-poor component. We confirm that a rather large fraction of halo and thick disc RR Lyrae stars pass by the bulge within their orbits, increasing the velocity dispersion. A proper orbital analysis is therefore critical to isolate bona fide bulge variables. Finally, bulge RR Lyrae seem to trace a spheroidal component, although the current data do now allow us to reach a firm conclusion about the spatial distribution.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carvajal, J. Olivares | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 1 | Olivares Carvajal, J. | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 2 | Zoccali, Manuela | Mujer |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 3 | De Leo, M. | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 4 | Contreras Ramos, Rodrigo | Hombre |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 5 | Quezada, C. | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 6 | ROJAS-LILAYU, ALEJANDRA FRANCISCA | Hombre |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Universidad de Santiago de Chile - Chile Nucleo Milenio ERIS - Chile |
| 6 | Rojas-Arriagada | - |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Universidad de Santiago de Chile - Chile Nucleo Milenio ERIS - Chile |
| 6 | Rojas-Arriagada | - |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Universidad de Santiago de Chile - Chile Nucleo Milenio ERIS - Chile |
| 7 | Valenti, Elena | Mujer |
European Southern Observ - Alemania
Excellence Cluster Origins - Alemania Observatorio Europeo Austral - Alemania Exzellenzcluster ORIGINS - Alemania |
| 8 | Albarracin, R. | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 9 | Navarro, Álvaro Valenzuela | Hombre |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 9 | Valenzuela Navarro | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 9 | Valenzuela Navarro | - |
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| Fuente |
|---|
| FONDECYT |
| DICYT |
| Fondecyt Regular |
| German Research Foundation |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft |
| U.S. Department of Energy |
| Ohio State University |
| Vanderbilt University |
| University of Tokyo |
| ESO |
| Yale University |
| Alfred P. Sloan Foundation |
| Carnegie Mellon University |
| Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias |
| Johns Hopkins University |
| Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |
| Pennsylvania State University |
| University of Portsmouth |
| University of Utah |
| University of Virginia |
| University of Washington |
| National Science Centre, Poland |
| National Science Centre |
| University of Wisconsin-Madison |
| Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah |
| University of Notre Dame |
| University of Colorado Boulder |
| University of Oxford |
| US Department of Energy Office of Science |
| Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam |
| Millenium Science Initiative |
| New Mexico State University, New York University |
| Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie |
| MCTI |
| MPIA Heidelberg |
| Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit |
| Max-Planck Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik |
| ANID |
| National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) |
| Excellence Cluster ORIGINS |
| IPMU |
| Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe |
| National Agency for Research and Development |
| Excellence Cluster ORIGINS - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy |
| VVV/VVVx ESO Public Survey program |
| Max-Planck-Institut fur Astrophysik |
| Observatario Nacional |
| National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Doctorado Nacional |
| MPA |
| Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, University of Arizona |
| ANID BASAL Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA) |
| AIP |
| CDS |
| ESO VISTA Public Survey VVV, Program |
| pandas development team 2020 |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| J.O.C. acknowledges Andrea Kunder for the extensive conversations about the topics included in this manuscript and also for her availability to provide her data and advice for the future. Based on observations taken within the ESO VISTA Public Survey VVV, Program ID 179.B-2002, made public at the ESO Archive and through the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). J.O.C. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Doctorado Nacional grant 2021-21210865, and by ESO grant SSDF21/24. This work is funded by ANID, Millenium Science Initiative, ICN12_009 awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (M.A.S.), by the ANID BASAL Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA) through grant FB210003, and by FONDECYT Regular grant No. 1230731. A.R.A. acknowledges support from DICYT through grant 062319RA. C.Q.Z. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2021 - 21211884, ANID. E.V. acknowledges the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC-2094-390783311. A.V.N. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2020 - 21201226, ANID. We gratefully acknowledge the use of data from the OGLE-IV catalogue. The OGLE project has received funding from the National Science Centre, Poland, grant MAESTRO 2014/14/A/ST9/00121 to AU. We also acknowledge the use of data from the VVV/VVVx ESO Public Survey program ID 179.B-2002/198.B-2004 taken with the VISTA telescope and data products from the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). The VVV Survey data are made public at the ESO Archive. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the US Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS website is www.sdss.org. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) University of Tokyo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut fuer Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatory of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observatario Nacional/MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University. It also made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System and of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France (Wenger et al. 2000). The original description of the VizieR service was published in Ochsenbein et al. (2000). Finally, we acknowledge use of the following publicly available softwares: lcfit: A python package for the regression of periodic time series (Dekany et al. 2019), rr_feh (Dekany & Grebel 2022), PyFiNeR: Fitting Near-infrared RRL light curves (Hajdu et al. 2018), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), pandas (The pandas development team 2020), IPython (Perez & Granger 2007), numpy (van der Walt et al. 2011), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), Astropy, a community developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) and Aladin sky atlas (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch & Fernique 2014). |
| J.O.C. acknowledges Andrea Kunder for the extensive conversations about the topics included in this manuscript and also for her availability to provide her data and advice for the future. Based on observations taken within the ESO VISTA Public Survey VVV, Program ID 179.B-2002, made public at the ESO Archive and through the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). J.O.C. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Doctorado Nacional grant 2021-21210865, and by ESO grant SSDF21/24. This work is funded by ANID, Millenium Science Initiative, ICN12_009 awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (M.A.S.), by the ANID BASAL Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA) through grant FB210003, and by FONDECYT Regular grant No. 1230731. A.R.A. acknowledges support from DICYT through grant 062319RA. C.Q.Z. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2021 \u2013 21211884, ANID. E.V. acknowledges the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC-2094-390783311. A.V.N. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2020 \u2013 21201226, ANID. We gratefully acknowledge the use of data from the OGLE-IV catalogue. The OGLE project has received funding from the National Science Centre, Poland, grant MAESTRO 2014/14/A/ST9/00121 to AU. We also acknowledge the use of data from the VVV/VVVx ESO Public Survey program ID 179.B-2002/198.B-2004 taken with the VISTA telescope and data products from the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). The VVV Survey data are made public at the ESO Archive. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the US Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High- Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS website is www.sdss.org . SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) University of Tokyo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck Institut f\u00FCr Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatory of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observat\u00E1rio Nacional/MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University. It also made use of NASA\u2019s Astrophysics Data System and of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France (Wenger et al. 2000). The original description of the VizieR service was published in Ochsenbein et al. (2000). Finally, we acknowledge use of the following publicly available softwares: lcfit: A python package for the regression of periodic time series (D\u00E9k\u00E1ny et al. 2019), rr_feh (D\u00E9k\u00E1ny & Grebel 2022), PyFiNeR: Fitting Near-infrared RRL light curves (Hajdu et al. 2018), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), pandas (The pandas development team 2020), IPython (P\u00E9rez & Granger 2007), numpy (van der Walt et al. 2011), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), Astropy, a community developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) and Aladin sky atlas (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch & Fernique 2014). |
| J.O.C. acknowledges Andrea Kunder for the extensive conversations about the topics included in this manuscript and also for her availability to provide her data and advice for the future. Based on observations taken within the ESO VISTA Public Survey VVV, Program ID 179.B-2002, made public at the ESO Archive and through the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). J.O.C. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) Doctorado Nacional grant 2021-21210865, and by ESO grant SSDF21/24. This work is funded by ANID, Millenium Science Initiative, ICN12_009 awarded to the Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (M.A.S.), by the ANID BASAL Center for Astrophysics and Associated Technologies (CATA) through grant FB210003, and by FONDECYT Regular grant No. 1230731. A.R.A. acknowledges support from DICYT through grant 062319RA. C.Q.Z. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2021 \u2013 21211884, ANID. E.V. acknowledges the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy \u2013 EXC-2094-390783311. A.V.N. acknowledges support from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), Scholarship Program Doctorado Nacional 2020 \u2013 21201226, ANID. We gratefully acknowledge the use of data from the OGLE-IV catalogue. The OGLE project has received funding from the National Science Centre, Poland, grant MAESTRO 2014/14/A/ST9/00121 to AU. We also acknowledge the use of data from the VVV/VVVx ESO Public Survey program ID 179.B-2002/198.B-2004 taken with the VISTA telescope and data products from the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU). The VVV Survey data are made public at the ESO Archive. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the US Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High- Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS website is www.sdss.org . SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, The Johns Hopkins University, Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) University of Tokyo, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Leibniz Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Max-Planck-Institut f\u00FCr Astrophysik (MPA Garching), Max-Planck Institut f\u00FCr Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), National Astronomical Observatory of China, New Mexico State University, New York University, University of Notre Dame, Observat\u00E1rio Nacional/MCTI, The Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, United Kingdom Participation Group, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico, University of Arizona, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Oxford, University of Portsmouth, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Vanderbilt University, and Yale University. It also made use of NASA\u2019s Astrophysics Data System and of the VizieR catalogue access tool, CDS, Strasbourg, France (Wenger et al. 2000). The original description of the VizieR service was published in Ochsenbein et al. (2000). Finally, we acknowledge use of the following publicly available softwares: lcfit: A python package for the regression of periodic time series (D\u00E9k\u00E1ny et al. 2019), rr_feh (D\u00E9k\u00E1ny & Grebel 2022), PyFiNeR: Fitting Near-infrared RRL light curves (Hajdu et al. 2018), TOPCAT (Taylor 2005), pandas (The pandas development team 2020), IPython (P\u00E9rez & Granger 2007), numpy (van der Walt et al. 2011), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), Astropy, a community developed core Python package for Astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) and Aladin sky atlas (Bonnarel et al. 2000; Boch & Fernique 2014). |