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A fading radius valley towards M dwarfs, a persistent density valley across stellar types
Indexado
WoS WOS:001238699600020
Scopus SCOPUS_ID:85195452754
DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202349088
Año 2024
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



The radius valley separating super-Earths from mini-Neptunes is a fundamental benchmark for theories of planet formation and evolution. Observations show that the location of the radius valley decreases with decreasing stellar mass and with increasing orbital period. Here, we build on our previous pebble-based formation model. Combined with photoevaporation after disc dispersal, it has allowed us to unveil the radius valley as a separator between rocky and water-worlds. In this study, we expand our model for a range of stellar masses spanning from 0.1 to 1.5 M-circle dot. We find that the location of the radius valley is well described by a power-law in stellar mass as R-valley = 1.8197 M-star(0.14(+0.02/-0.01)) R-valley = 1.8197 M-star(0.14(+0.02/-0.01 )), which is in excellent agreement with observations. We also find very good agreement with the dependence of the radius valley on orbital period, both for FGK and M dwarfs. Additionally, we note that the radius valley gets filled towards low stellar masses, particularly at 0.1-0.4 M-circle dot, yielding a rather flat slope in R-valley - P-orb. This is the result of orbital migration occurring at lower planet mass for less massive stars, which allows for low-mass water-worlds to reach the inner regions of the system, blurring the separation in mass (and size) between rocky and water worlds. Furthermore, we find that for planetary equilibrium temperatures above 400 K, the water in the volatile layer exists fully in the form of steam, puffing the planet radius up (as compared to the radii of condensed-water worlds). This produces an increase in planet radii of similar to 30% at 1 M-circle plus and of similar to 15% at 5 M-circle plus compared to condensed-water worlds. As with Sun-like stars, we find that pebble accretion leaves its imprint on the overall exoplanet population as a depletion of planets with intermediate compositions (i.e. water mass fractions of similar to 0 - 20%), carving an planet-depleted diagonal band in the mass-radius (MR) diagrams. This band is better visualised when plotting the planet's mean density in terms of an Earth-like composition. This change in coordinates causes the valley to emerge for all the stellar mass cases.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Astronomy & Astrophysics 0004-6361

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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Venturini, J. Mujer Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza
2 Ronco, María Paula Mujer UNLP - Argentina
Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria - Chile
Instituto de Astrofisica de La Plata - Argentina
3 Guilera, Octavio Miguel Hombre UNLP - Argentina
Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria - Chile
Instituto de Astrofisica de La Plata - Argentina
4 Haldemann, Jonas Hombre Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza
5 Mordasini, C. Hombre Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza
6 Miller Bertolami, Marcelo Miguel Hombre UNLP - Argentina
Instituto de Astrofisica de La Plata - Argentina

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Financiamiento



Fuente
Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
CONICET (Argentina)
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)
ANPCyT, Argentina
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
International Space Science Institute
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
Agencia Nacional de Promocion de la Investigacion, el Desarrollo Tecnologico y la Innovacion
Agencia I+D+I (Argentina)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Frderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschunghttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711
ISSI Bern in early 2024 through the Visiting Scientist Program

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Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
We thank the anonymous referee for insightful criticism. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. J.H. and C.M. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200021_204847 "PlanetsInTime". M.P.R. is partially supported by PICT-2021-I-INVI-00161 from ANPCyT, Argentina. M.P.R., O.M.G. and M.M.B. are partially supported by PIP-2971 from CONICET (Argentina) and by PICT 2020-03316 from Agencia I+D+i (Argentina). M.P.R. and O.M.G. acknowledge support by ANID, - Millennium Science Initiative Program - NCN19_171. O.M.G. gratefully acknowledges the invitation and financial support from ISSI Bern in early 2024 through the Visiting Scientist Program. Software: For this publication the following software packages have been used: Python-matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org/) by Hunter (2007), Python-seaborn (https://seaborn.pydata.org/) by Waskom et al. (2020), Python-numpy (https://numpy.org/), Python-pandas (https://pandas.pydata.org/).
We thank the anonymous referee for insightful criticism. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2-208945. J.H. and C.M. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200021-204847 \"PlanetsInTime\". M.P.R. is partially supported by PICT-2021-I-INVI-00161 from ANPCyT, Argentina. M.P.R., O.M.G. and M.M.B. are partially supported by PIP-2971 from CONICET (Argentina) and by PICT 2020-03316 from Agencia I+D+i (Argentina). M.P.R. and O.M.G. acknowledge support by ANID, - Millennium Science Initiative Program - NCN19-171. O.M.G. gratefully acknowledges the invitation and financial support from ISSI Bern in early 2024 through the Visiting Scientist Program. Software: For this publication the following software packages have been used: Python-matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org/) by Hunter (2007), Python-seaborn (https://seaborn. pydata.org/) by Waskom et al. (2020), Python-numpy (https://numpy. org/), Python-pandas (https://pandas.pydata.org/).
We thank the anonymous referee for insightful criticism. J.V. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant PZ00P2_208945. J.H. and C.M. acknowledge support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant 200021_204847 \u201CPlanetsInTime\u201D. M.P.R. is partially supported by PICT-2021-I-INVI-00161 from ANPCyT, Argentina. M.P.R., O.M.G. and M.M.B. are partially supported by PIP-2971 from CONICET (Argentina) and by PICT 2020-03316 from Agencia I+D+i (Argentina). M.P.R. and O.M.G. acknowledge support by ANID, \u2013 Millennium Science Initiative Program \u2013 NCN19_171. O.M.G. gratefully acknowledges the invitation and financial support from ISSI Bern in early 2024 through the Visiting Scientist Program. Software: For this publication the following software packages have been used: Python-matplotlib ( https://matplotlib.org/ ) by Hunter (2007), Python-seaborn ( https://seaborn.pydata.org/ ) by Waskom et al. (2020), Python-numpy ( https://numpy.org/ ), Python-pandas ( https://pandas.pydata.org/ ).

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.