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Dispersion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu in Latin America and the Caribbean
| Indexado |
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| DOI | 10.1038/S41467-024-46143-9 | ||||
| Año | 2024 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Abstract
Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions were an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Through the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network (COVIGEN), LAC countries produced an important number of genomic sequencing data that made possible an enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance capacity in the Americas, paving the way for characterization of emerging variants and helping to guide the public health response. In this study we analyzed approximately 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences generated between February 2020 and March 2022 by multiple genomic surveillance efforts in LAC and reconstructed the diffusion patterns of the main variants of concern (VOCs) and of interest (VOIs) possibly originated in the Region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spread of variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu reflects human mobility patterns due to variations of international air passenger transportation and gradual lifting of social distance measures previously implemented in countries. Our results highlight the potential of genetic data to reconstruct viral spread and unveil preferential routes of viral migrations that are shaped by human mobility patterns.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Graf, Tiago | Hombre |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba - Brasil |
| 2 | Martinez, Alexander | Hombre |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
Natl Secretary Res Technol & Innovat SENACYT - Panamá Univ Panama - Panamá Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá National Secretary of Research - Panamá Universidad de Panamá - Panamá |
| 3 | Bello, Gonzalo | Hombre |
Fiocruz MS - Brasil
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil |
| 4 | Dellicour, Simon | - |
Univ Libre Bruxelles - Bélgica
Univ Leuven - Bélgica Université libre de Bruxelles - Bélgica Departement Microbiologie, Immunologie en Transplantatie - Bélgica |
| 5 | Lemey, Philippe | - |
Univ Leuven - Bélgica
Departement Microbiologie, Immunologie en Transplantatie - Bélgica |
| 6 | Colizza, Vittoria | - |
Sorbonne Univ - Francia
Sorbonne Université - Francia |
| 7 | Mazzoli, Mattia | - |
Sorbonne Univ - Francia
Sorbonne Université - Francia |
| 8 | Poletto, Chiara | - |
Univ Hosp Padova - Italia
|
| 8 | Poletto, Chiara | - |
Università degli Studi di Padova - Italia
|
| 9 | Cardoso, Vanessa Leiko Oikawa | - |
Fiocruz Bahia - Brasil
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil |
| 10 | da Silva, Alexandre Freitas | - |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 11 | Motta, Fernando Couto | Hombre |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 11 | Baumeister, Elsa | - |
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - Argentina
|
| 12 | Resende, Paola | Mujer |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 12 | CAMPOS, JOSEFINA | Mujer |
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - Argentina
|
| 13 | Siqueira, Marilda Mendonca | - |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 13 | Pontoriero, Andrea | Mujer |
Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS CG Malbr - Argentina
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - Argentina |
| 14 | Franco, Leticia | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 14 | Martin, Indira | - |
Ministry of Health - Bahamas
|
| 15 | Gresh, Lionel | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 15 | Ferguson, Kirvina | - |
Ministry of Health - Bahamas
|
| 16 | Gabastou, Jean-Marc | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 16 | Johnson, Draven | - |
Ministry of Health - Bahamas
|
| 17 | Rodriguez, Angel | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
|
| 17 | Beckles, Songee | - |
Best-dos Santos Public Health Laboratory - Barbados
|
| 18 | Vicari, Andrea | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 18 | Forde, Kasandra | - |
Best-dos Santos Public Health Laboratory - Barbados
|
| 19 | Aldighieri, Sylvain | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 19 | Sosa, Aldo | - |
Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness - Belice
|
| 20 | Mendez-Rico, Jairo | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 20 | Melendez, Roberto | - |
Belize Ministry of Health and Wellness - Belice
|
| 21 | Leite, Juliana Almeida | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 21 | Loayza, Roxana | Mujer |
Ctr Nacl Enfermedades Trop - Bolivia
Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales - Bolivia |
| 22 | Baumeister, Elsa | - |
Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS CG Malbr - Argentina
|
| 22 | Avila, Cinthia | Mujer |
Ctr Nacl Enfermedades Trop - Bolivia
Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales - Bolivia |
| 23 | Campos, Josefina | - |
Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS CG Malbr - Argentina
|
| 23 | Fernández, Evelin Esther Fortun | - |
Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud Bolivia - Bolivia
|
| 24 | Pontoriero, Andrea | Mujer |
Inst Nacl Enfermedades Infecciosas ANLIS CG Malbr - Argentina
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - Argentina |
| 24 | Otazo, Carol Jessica Guzman | - |
Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud Bolivia - Bolivia
|
| 25 | Martin, Indira | - |
Minist Hlth Reference Lab - Bahamas
|
| 25 | Siqueira, Marilda Mendonca | - |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 26 | Ferguson, Kirvina | - |
Minist Hlth Reference Lab - Bahamas
|
| 26 | Motta, Fernando Couto | Hombre |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 27 | Johnson, Draven | - |
Minist Hlth Reference Lab - Bahamas
|
| 27 | de Oliveira Santos, Katia Corrêa | - |
Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Brasil
|
| 28 | Beckles, Songee | - |
Best Santos Publ Hlth Lab - Barbados
|
| 28 | Abbud, Adriano | - |
Adolfo Lutz Inst - Brasil
Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Brasil |
| 29 | Forde, Kasandra | - |
Best Santos Publ Hlth Lab - Barbados
|
| 29 | dos Santos, Mirleide Cordeiro | - |
Inst Evandro Chagas - Brasil
Instituto Evandro Chagas - Brasil |
| 30 | Sosa, Aldo | - |
Minist Hlth & Wellness - Belice
|
| 30 | de Almeida Ferreira, Jessylene | - |
Instituto Evandro Chagas - Brasil
|
| 31 | MELENDEZ-CORTES, ROBERTO HERNAN | Hombre |
Minist Hlth & Wellness - Belice
|
| 31 | FASCE-PINEDA, RODRIGO ANDRES | Hombre |
Inst Salud Publ Chile - Chile
Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile - Chile |
| 32 | Loayza, Roxana | Mujer |
Ctr Nacl Enfermedades Trop - Bolivia
Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales - Bolivia |
| 32 | Fernandes, Jorge | - |
Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile - Chile
|
| 33 | Avila, Cinthia | Mujer |
Ctr Nacl Enfermedades Trop - Bolivia
Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Tropicales - Bolivia |
| 33 | Rangel, Sergio Gómez | - |
Instituto Nacional de Salud - Colombia
|
| 34 | Fortun Fernandez, Evelin Esther | - |
Inst Nacl Lab Salud - Bolivia
|
| 34 | Mercado, Marcela Maria | - |
Instituto Nacional de Salud - Colombia
|
| 35 | Guzman Otazo, Carol Jessica | - |
Inst Nacl Lab Salud - Bolivia
|
| 35 | Pelaez, Dioselina | - |
Instituto Nacional de Salud - Colombia
|
| 36 | de Oliveira Santos, Katia Correa | Mujer |
Adolfo Lutz Inst - Brasil
|
| 36 | Soto-Garita, Claudio | - |
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica
|
| 37 | Abbud, Adriano | - |
Adolfo Lutz Inst - Brasil
Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Brasil |
| 37 | Cordero-Laurent, Estela | - |
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica
|
| 38 | dos Santos, Mirleide Cordeiro | - |
Inst Evandro Chagas - Brasil
Instituto Evandro Chagas - Brasil |
| 38 | Duarte-Martinez, F. | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica |
| 39 | Ferreira, Jessylene de Almeida | - |
Inst Evandro Chagas - Brasil
|
| 39 | Brenes, Hebleen | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica |
| 40 | FASCE-PINEDA, RODRIGO ANDRES | Hombre |
Inst Salud Publ Chile - Chile
Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile - Chile |
| 40 | Sanchez, Isaac Miguel | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia en Salud Pública Dr. Defilló - República Dominicana
|
| 41 | Fernandes, Jorge | - |
Inst Salud Publ Chile - Chile
|
| 41 | Imbert, Yvonne | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia en Salud Pública Dr. Defilló - República Dominicana
|
| 42 | Gomez Rangel, Sergio | - |
INST NACL SALUD - Colombia
|
| 42 | Bruno, Alfredo | Hombre |
Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI) - Ecuador
|
| 43 | Maria Mercado, Marcela | - |
INST NACL SALUD - Colombia
|
| 43 | de Mora Coloma, Domenica Joseth | - |
Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI) - Ecuador
|
| 44 | Pelaez, Dioselina | - |
INST NACL SALUD - Colombia
|
| 44 | López, Dalia Xochitl Sandoval | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Publica “Dr. Max Bloch” - El Salvador
|
| 45 | Soto-Garita, Claudio | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
|
| 45 | Alvarado, Denis Gerson Jovel | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Publica “Dr. Max Bloch” - El Salvador
|
| 46 | Cordero-Laurent, Estela | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
|
| 46 | Morán, Deny Lisset Martínez | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud Publica “Dr. Max Bloch” - El Salvador
|
| 47 | Duarte-Martinez, F. | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica |
| 47 | Pacheco, Claudia | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud - Guatemala
|
| 48 | Brenes, Hebleen | - |
Inst Costarricense Invest & Ensenanza Nutr & Salu - Costa Rica
Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud Costa Rica - Costa Rica |
| 48 | Mendoza, Linda | - |
Laboratorio Nacional de Salud - Guatemala
|
| 49 | Miguel Sanchez, Isaac | - |
Lab Nacl Salud Publ Dr Defillo - República Dominicana
|
| 49 | Whyte-Chin, Joyce | - |
National Public Health Reference Laboratory - Guyana
|
| 50 | Imbert, Yvonne | - |
Lab Nacl Salud Publ Dr Defillo - República Dominicana
|
| 50 | Abdul-Kadir, Mustapha | - |
National Public Health Reference Laboratory - Guyana
|
| 51 | Bruno Caicedo, Alfredo | - |
Inst Nacl Invest Salud Publ - Ecuador
|
| 51 | Boncy, Jacques | - |
Laboratoire National de Santé Publique - Haiti
|
| 52 | de Mora Coloma, Domenica Joseth | Mujer |
Inst Nacl Invest Salud Publ - Ecuador
|
| 52 | Journel, Ito | - |
Laboratoire National de Santé Publique - Haiti
|
| 53 | Lopez, Dalia Xochitl Sandoval | - |
Lab Nacl Salud Publ Dr Max Bloch - El Salvador
|
| 53 | Paz, Mitzi Castro | - |
Departamento de Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud - Honduras
|
| 54 | Alvarado, Denis Gerson Jovel | - |
Lab Nacl Salud Publ Dr Max Bloch - El Salvador
|
| 54 | Alvarado, Sofia Carolina | - |
Departamento de Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud - Honduras
|
| 55 | Moran, Deny Lisset Martinez | - |
Lab Nacl Salud Publ Dr Max Bloch - El Salvador
|
| 55 | Avilez, Soany | - |
Departamento de Laboratorio Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud - Honduras
|
| 56 | Pacheco, Claudia | - |
Lab Nacl Salud - Guatemala
|
| 56 | Brown, Michelle | - |
The University of the West Indies - Jamaica
|
| 57 | Mendoza, Linda | - |
Lab Nacl Salud - Guatemala
|
| 57 | Arambula, Caludia Elena Wong | - |
Instituto Nacional de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos - InDRE - México
|
| 58 | Whyte-Chin, Joyce | - |
Natl Publ Hlth Reference Lab - Guyana
|
| 58 | González, Ernesto Ramírez | - |
Instituto Nacional de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos - InDRE - México
|
| 59 | Abdul-Kadir, Mustapha | - |
Natl Publ Hlth Reference Lab - Guyana
|
| 59 | Martinez, Alexander | Hombre |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
Natl Secretary Res Technol & Innovat SENACYT - Panamá Univ Panama - Panamá Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá National Secretary of Research - Panamá Universidad de Panamá - Panamá |
| 60 | Boncy, Jacques | - |
Lab Natl Sante Publ - Haiti
|
| 60 | Gonzalez, Claudia M. | - |
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá
|
| 61 | Journel, Ito | - |
Lab Natl Sante Publ - Haiti
|
| 61 | Moreno Arevalo, Brechla | - |
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá
|
| 62 | Paz, Mitzi Castro | - |
Lab Nacl Vigilancia Salud - Honduras
|
| 62 | Franco, Danilo | - |
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá
|
| 63 | Alvarado, Sofia Carolina | - |
Lab Nacl Vigilancia Salud - Honduras
|
| 63 | Lopez-Verges, Sandra | - |
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá
|
| 64 | Avilez, Soany | - |
Lab Nacl Vigilancia Salud - Honduras
|
| 64 | Pascale, Juan Miguel | - |
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies - Panamá
|
| 65 | Brown, Michelle | - |
Univ West Indies - Jamaica
|
| 65 | Vazquez, Cynthia | Mujer |
Lab Cent Salud Publ - Paraguay
Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública - Paraguay |
| 66 | Arambula, Caludia Elena Wong | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
Inst Diagnost & Referencia Epidemiol - México |
| 66 | Gonzalez, Sandra | - |
Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública - Paraguay
|
| 67 | Gonzalez, Ernesto Ramirez | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
Inst Diagnost & Referencia Epidemiol - México |
| 67 | Serrano, Nancy Rojas | - |
National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
|
| 68 | Gonzalez, Claudia M. | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
|
| 68 | Rojas, Carlos Patricio Padilla | - |
National Institute of Health, Lima - Perú
|
| 69 | Arevalo, Brechla Moreno | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
|
| 69 | Pinas, Phyllis | - |
Bureau voor Openbare Gezondheidszorg - Surinam
|
| 70 | Franco, Danilo | Hombre |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
|
| 70 | Asebeh, Navienda | - |
Bureau voor Openbare Gezondheidszorg - Surinam
|
| 71 | Lopez-Verges, Sandra | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
|
| 71 | Carrington, Christine V.F. | - |
The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus - Trinidad y Tobago
|
| 72 | Pascale, Juan Miguel | - |
Gorgas Mem Inst Hlth Studies - Panamá
|
| 72 | Sahadeo, Nikita S.D. | - |
The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus - Trinidad y Tobago
|
| 73 | Vazquez, Cynthia | Mujer |
Lab Cent Salud Publ - Paraguay
Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública - Paraguay |
| 73 | Chiparelli, Hector | - |
Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública - Uruguay
|
| 74 | Gonzalez, Sandra | Mujer |
Lab Cent Salud Publ - Paraguay
|
| 74 | Goni, Natalia | Mujer |
Departamento de Laboratorios de Salud Pública - Uruguay
|
| 75 | Serrano, Nancy Rojas | - |
INST NACL SALUD - Perú
|
| 75 | Rodriguez, Lieska | - |
Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel - Venezuela
|
| 76 | Padilla Rojas, Carlos Patricio | - |
INST NACL SALUD - Perú
|
| 76 | D’Angelo, Pierina | - |
Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel - Venezuela
|
| 77 | Pinas, Phyllis | - |
Cent Lab Bur Openbare Gezondheidszorg - Surinam
|
| 77 | Motta, Fernando Couto | Hombre |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 78 | Asebeh, Navienda | - |
Cent Lab Bur Openbare Gezondheidszorg - Surinam
|
| 78 | Resende, Paola | Mujer |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 79 | Carrington, Christine V. F. | - |
Univ West Indies St Augustine - Trinidad y Tobago
|
| 79 | Siqueira, Marilda Mendonca | - |
Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Brasil
|
| 80 | Sahadeo, Nikita S. D. | - |
Univ West Indies St Augustine - Trinidad y Tobago
|
| 80 | Franco, Leticia | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 81 | Chiparelli, Hector | Hombre |
Dept Lab Salud Publ - Uruguay
|
| 81 | Gresh, Lionel | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 82 | Goni, Natalia | - |
Dept Lab Salud Publ - Uruguay
|
| 82 | Gabastou, Jean-Marc | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 83 | Rodriguez, Lieska | - |
Inst Nacl Higiene Rafael Rangel - Venezuela
|
| 83 | Rodriguez, Angel | Hombre |
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos
|
| 84 | D'Angelo, Pierina | Mujer |
Inst Nacl Higiene Rafael Rangel - Venezuela
|
| 84 | Vicari, Andrea | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 85 | COVIGEN | Corporación | |
| 85 | Aldighieri, Sylvain | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 86 | Mendez-Rico, Jairo | Hombre |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| 87 | Leite, Juliana Almeida | Mujer |
Pan Amer Hlth Org - Estados Unidos
Pan American Health Organization - Estados Unidos |
| Fuente |
|---|
| CNPq |
| National Institutes of Health |
| FAPERJ |
| Wellcome Trust |
| Wellcome |
| European Research Council under the European Union |
| USA-CDC |
| NVAP-UKHSA |
| DECIT - MoH Brazil |
| European Union Horizon 2020 project MOOD |
| Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office |
| Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium) |
| Research Foundation - Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen, FWO, Belgium) |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| We are grateful for the work of all National Influenza Centers, public health laboratories and other institutions contributing for timely generating genomic sequences for COVID-19 pandemic response. We would like to thank GISAID and all the submitters of the database, as well as to the COVIGEN Reference Sequencing Laboratories (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America; Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud, Cartago, Costa Rica; Instituto de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Salud Publica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Exantematicos, Enterovirus e Emergencias Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundac & atilde;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) for all their contribution for the network implementation as well as on making possible external sequencing for the network. We are also grateful for the support of personnel at PAHO headquarters and PAHO/WHO Country Offices for the technical cooperation provided to the COVID-19 response. We acknowledge USA-CDC and USA-HSS for direct funds contribution to PAHO. This work was also supported by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and Wellcome (grant number: 223610/B/21/Z). We are also grateful to all the donors to WHO for additional contributions. SD also acknowledges support from the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium; grant n degrees F.4515.22) and from the Research Foundation - Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen, FWO, Belgium; grant n degrees G098321N). S.D., P.L., and V.C. acknowledge support from the European Union Horizon 2020 project MOOD (grant agreement n degrees 874850). P.L. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 725422 - ReservoirDOCS) and the National Institutes of Health grant R01 AI153044. G.B. is funded by CNPq (Grant number 304883/2020-4) and FAPERJ (Grant number E-26/202.896/2018). M.M.S. acknowledges funding from USA-CDC, NVAP-UKHSA, DECIT - MoH Brazil and CNPQ (Grant number 402457/2020-0). |
| We are grateful for the work of all National Influenza Centers, public health laboratories and other institutions contributing for timely generating genomic sequences for COVID-19 pandemic response. We would like to thank GISAID and all the submitters of the database, as well as to the COVIGEN Reference Sequencing Laboratories (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America; Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00F3n y Ense\u00F1anza en Nutrici\u00F3n y Salud, Cartago, Costa Rica; Instituto de Diagn\u00F3stico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Salud P\u00FAblica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia; Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Laborat\u00F3rio de V\u00EDrus Respirat\u00F3rios, Exantem\u00E1ticos, Enterov\u00EDrus e Emerg\u00EAncias Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00E7\u00E3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) for all their contribution for the network implementation as well as on making possible external sequencing for the network. We are also grateful for the support of personnel at PAHO headquarters and PAHO/WHO Country Offices for the technical cooperation provided to the COVID-19 response. We acknowledge USA-CDC and USA-HSS for direct funds contribution to PAHO. This work was also supported by the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office and Wellcome (grant number: 223610/B/21/Z). We are also grateful to all the donors to WHO for additional contributions. SD also acknowledges support from the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium; grant n\u00B0F.4515.22) and from the Research Foundation \u2014 Flanders (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen, FWO, Belgium; grant n\u00B0G098321N). S.D., P.L., and V.C. acknowledge support from the European Union Horizon 2020 project MOOD (grant agreement n\u00B0874850). P.L. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no. 725422 - ReservoirDOCS) and the National Institutes of Health grant R01 AI153044. G.B. is funded by CNPq (Grant number 304883/2020-4) and FAPERJ (Grant number E-26/202.896/2018). M.M.S. acknowledges funding from USA-CDC, NVAP-UKHSA, DECIT - MoH Brazil and CNPQ (Grant number 402457/2020-0). |
