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| DOI | 10.1007/S11433-023-2332-5 | ||||
| Año | 2024 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Star clusters were historically considered simple stellar populations, with all stars sharing the same age and initial chemical composition. However, the presence of chemical anomalies in globular clusters (GCs), called multiple stellar populations (MPs), has challenged star formation theories in dense environments. Literature studies show that mass, metallicity, and age are likely controlling parameters for the manifestation of MPs. Identifying the limit between clusters with/without MPs in physical parameter space is crucial to reveal the driving mechanism behind their presence. In this study, we look for MP signals in Whiting 1, which is traditionally considered a young GC. Using the Magellan telescope, we obtained low-resolution spectra within lambda lambda = 3850-5500 A for eight giants of Whiting 1. We measured the C and N abundances from the CN and CH spectral indices. C and N abundances have variations comparable with their measurement errors (similar to 0.1 dex), suggesting that MPs are absent from Whiting 1. Combining these findings with literature studies, we propose a limit in the metallicity vs. cluster compactness index parameter space, which relatively clearly separates star clusters with/without MPs (GCs/open clusters). This limit is physically motivated. On a larger scale, the galactic environment determines cluster compactness and metallicity, leading to metal-rich, diffuse, old clusters formed ex situ. Our proposed limit also impacts our understanding of the formation of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy: star clusters formed after the first starburst (age less than or similar to 8-10 Gyr). These clusters are simple stellar populations because the enriched galactic environment is no longer suitable for MP formation.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Huang, Ruoyun | - |
Sun Yat Sen Univ - China
CSST Sci Ctr Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Greater Bay - China Sun Yat-Sen University - China CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area - China |
| 2 | Tang, Baitian | - |
Sun Yat Sen Univ - China
CSST Sci Ctr Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Greater Bay - China Sun Yat-Sen University - China CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area - China |
| 3 | Li, Chengyuan | - |
Sun Yat Sen Univ - China
CSST Sci Ctr Guangdong Hong Kong Macau Greater Bay - China Sun Yat-Sen University - China CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area - China |
| 4 | Geisler, Doug | - |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
Universidad de la Serena - Chile |
| 5 | Mateo, Mario | Hombre |
UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos |
| 6 | Song, Ying Yi | - |
UNIV TORONTO - Canadá
University of Toronto - Canadá Dunlap Institute for Astronomy & Astrophysics - Canadá |
| 7 | Baumgardt, Holger | Hombre |
UNIV QUEENSLAND - Australia
The University of Queensland - Australia |
| 8 | Carballo-Bello, Julio A. | - |
Universidad de Tarapacá - Chile
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| 9 | Wang, Yue | - |
CASSACA - China
National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 10 | Nie, JunDan | - |
CASSACA - China
National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences - China |
| 11 | Dias, Bruno | - |
Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello - Chile
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| 12 | FERNANDEZ-TRINCADO, JOSE GREGORIO | Hombre |
Universidad Católica del Norte - Chile
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| Fuente |
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| National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province |
| Fondecyt Regular |
| ANID FONDECYT INICIACION |
| China Manned Space Project |
| ANID-FONDECYT iniciacion |
| ANID Fondecyt Post-DOC |
| Direccion de Investigacion y Desarrollo de la Universidadde La Serena through the Programa de Incentivo a la Investigacion de Acad emicos (PIA-DIDULS) |
| Joint Commitee ESO-Government of Chile |
| Agradecimiento |
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| The authors would like to express gratitude to Jing Zhong and Li Chen fortheir constructive comments. Ruoyun Huang, Baitian Tang, and ChengyuanLi gratefully acknowledge support from the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2022A1515010732), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12233013), and the China Manned Space Project (Grant Nos. CMS-CSST-2021-B03, and CMS-CSST-2021-A08). Chengyuan Li also acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12073090). DougGeisler gratefully acknowledges the support provided by Fondecyt regular (Grant No. 1220264). Doug Geisler also acknowledges financial support from the Direccion de Investigacion y Desarrollo de la Universidadde La Serena through the Programa de Incentivo a la Investigacion de Acad emicos (PIA-DIDULS). Julio A. Carballo-Bello acknowledges support from FONDECYT Regular (Grant No. 1220083). Bruno Dias acknowledges support by ANID-FONDECYT Iniciacion (Grant No. 11221366). Jose G.Fernandez-Trincado gratefully acknowledges the grants support providedby ANID Fondecyt Iniciacion (Grant No. 11220340), ANID Fondecyt Post-doc (Grant No. 3230001) (Sponsoring researcher), from the Joint Commitee ESO-Government of Chile under the agreement 2021 ORP 023/2021 and 2023 ORP 062/2023. |