The development of the olive grove in the Atacama region is an agrarian activity that goes back to the arrival of the first Spaniards in the XVIth century. At present it is at a standstill due to a problem of salinizacion of soils. The water scarcity, the appearance of illnesses of the olive tree, the competition of the extractive activities or the loss of affective ties of the population with the territory, aggravate the present situation. These problems, if not solved, would seriously compromise, not only the traditional olive growing of the valley, but also the ancestral agrarian societies that support it.