Introduction: Historically Chile has concentrated many of the largest earthquakes that have occurred worldwide, with great physical, psychological and economic impact on the population. Unlike previous events, the last earthquake /tsunami of February 27, 2010 has received major scientific attention. This article, insert in the commemorative issue of the Chilean Journal of Pediatrics, aims to give a historical overview of how earthquakes have positively shaped public policy and national identity. A historical analysis of the natural disasters in Chile between 1939 and 1960 is presented. Conclusions: The process of how coping with disasters has adapted to the prevailing socio-epidemiological reality, supporting high-impact public policies, is emphasized. In this context, child mental and emotional health has increasingly gained priority. The challenge is to develop, organize and implement strategies that respond to the real needs of the affected population.