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| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202243528 | ||||
| Año | 2023 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Context. Probing the faint end of the number counts at millimeter wavelengths is important in order to identify the origin of the extragalactic background light in this regime. Aided by strong gravitational lensing, ALMA observations toward massive galaxy clusters have opened a window to probe this origin, allowing us to resolve sub-milliJansky dusty star-forming galaxies. Aims. We aim to derive number counts at 1.1 mm down to flux densities fainter than 0.1 mJy based on ALMA observations toward five Hubble Frontier Fields (FF) galaxy clusters, following a statistical approach to correct for lensing effects. Methods. We created a source catalog that includes ALMA 1.1 mm continuum detections around two new FF galaxy clusters, together with the sources previously detected around three FF galaxy clusters, making a total of 29 detected sources down to a 4.5σ significance. ALMA 1.1 mm mosaics used for our source extraction covered the inner ≈2′ × 2′; FF regions, reached rms depths of ≈55 - 71μJy beam-1, and had synthesized beam sizes from ≈0″.5 - 1″.5 (natural weighting). We derived source intrinsic flux densities using public lensing models. We folded the uncertainties in both magnifications and source redshifts into the number counts through Monte Carlo simulations. Results. Using the combination of all cluster fields, we derive cumulative number counts over two orders of magnitude down to ≈0.01 mJy after correction for lensing effects. Cosmic variance estimates are all exceeded by uncertainties in our median combined cumulative counts that come from both our Monte Carlo simulations and Poisson statistics. Our number counts agree at a 1σ level with our previous estimates using ALMA observations of the first three FFs, exhibiting a similar flattening at faint flux densities. They are also consistent to 1σ with most recent ALMA estimates and galaxy evolution models. However, below ≈0.1 mJy, our cumulative number counts are lower by ≈0.4 dex compared to two deep ALMA studies (namely one that probes several blank fields plus one lensed galaxy cluster, and the initial ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, ASPECS-Pilot), while remaining consistent with the ASPECS Large Program (ASPECS-LP) within 1σ. Importantly, the flattening found for our cumulative counts at ≲0.1 mJy also extends further to ≈0.01 mJy, that is, ≈0.4 dex fainter than ASPECS-LP, and remains in agreement with extrapolations of their number counts down to this flux limit. We find a median contribution to the extragalactic background light (EBL) of 14-8+12 Jy deg-2 resolved in our demagnified sources down to ≈0.01 mJy, representing 75 - 86% of Planck-derived extragalactic EBL estimates at 1.1 mm. Conclusions. We estimate cumulative 1.1 mm number counts down to ≈0.01 mJy along the line of sight of five galaxy clusters that benefit from having rich deep multiwavelength data. They bring further support to the flattening of the number counts reported previously by us and ASPECS-LP, which has been interpreted by a recent galaxy evolution model as a measurement of the "knee"of the infrared luminosity function at high redshift. Our estimates of the contribution to the EBL associated with 1.1 mm galaxies in the FFs suggest that we may be resolving most of the EBL at this wavelength down to ≈0.01 mJy.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MUNOZ-ARANCIBIA, ALEJANDRA MARIA | Mujer |
Universidad de Valparaíso - Chile
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile |
| 2 | Espada, Daniel | Hombre |
Las Campanas Observatory - Chile
Universidad Diego Portales - Chile Carnegie Inst Washington - Chile |
| 3 | IBAR-PLASSER, EDUARDO | Hombre |
Universidad de Valparaíso - Chile
|
| 4 | BAUER, FRANZ ERIK | Hombre |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile Space Science Institute - Estados Unidos Space Sci Inst - Estados Unidos |
| 5 | ANGUITA-AVARIA, TIMO | Hombre |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello - Chile |
| 6 | ARAVENA-PASTEN, MONICA | Hombre |
Universidad Diego Portales - Chile
|
| 7 | DEMARCO-BULL, RODRIGO ANDRES | Hombre |
Universidad de Concepción - Chile
|
| 8 | Kneissl, Ruediger | Hombre |
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array - Chile
European Southern Observatory Santiago - Chile Atacama Large Millimeter Array - Chile ESO - Chile European Southern Observ - Chile |
| 9 | Koekemoer, Anton | Hombre |
Space Telescope Science Institute - Estados Unidos
|
| 10 | TRONCOSO-IRIBARREN, PAULINA ALEJANDRA | Mujer |
Universidad Central de Chile - Chile
|
| 11 | Zitrin, A. | - |
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev - Israel
|
| Fuente |
|---|
| FONDECYT |
| National Science Foundation |
| Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico |
| NASA |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| Space Telescope Science Institute |
| Ministry of Science and Technology, Israel |
| United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation |
| United States National Science Foundation |
| HST Frontier Fields program |
| CATA-Basal |
| Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo |
| Millennium Science Initiative Program |
| National Science Foundation and Space Telescope Science Institute |
| HFF-DeepSpace |
| Ministry of Science amp; Technology, Israel |
| ANID through FONDECYT Postdoctoral Fellowship |
| National Science Foundation and Space Telescope Science Institute under NASA |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| We gratefully acknowledge support from ANID through FONDECYT Postdoctoral Fellowship 3160776 (A.M.M.A.); FONDECYT Regular 1171710 (A.M.M.A., E.I.), 1221846 (E.I.), 1190818 (F.E.B.), 1200495 (F.E.B.), 1190335 (T.A.); Millennium Science Initiative Program – ICN12_009 (F.E.B., T.A.), CATA-Basal – AFB-170002 (F.E.B., R.D.), ACE210002 (F.E.B., R.D.) and FB210003 (F.E.B., T.A., R.D.); Grant No. 2020750 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation and Grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation, and by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel (A.Z.). A.M.M.A. acknowledges the AstroHackWeek 2018 event for helpful discussions that contributed to improve the code used in our analysis. The ALMA observations were carried out under programs ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.00999.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01425.S, and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01219.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This work is based on data and catalog products from HFF-DeepSpace, funded by the National Science Foundation and Space Telescope Science Institute (operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555). This work utilizes gravitational lensing models produced by PIs Bradač, Natarajan & Kneib (CATS), Merten & Zitrin, Sharon, Williams, Keeton, Bernstein and Diego, and the GLAFIC group. This lens modeling was partially funded by the HST Frontier Fields program conducted by STScI. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. The lens models were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). |
| We gratefully acknowledge support from ANID through FONDECYT Postdoctoral Fellowship 3160776 (A.M.M.A.); FONDECYT Regular 1171710 (A.M.M.A., E.I.), 1221846 (E.I.), 1190818 (F.E.B.), 1200495 (F.E.B.), 1190335 (T.A.); Millennium Science Initiative Program - ICN12_009 (F.E.B., T.A.), CATA-Basal - AFB-170002 (F.E.B., R.D.), ACE210002 (F.E.B., R.D.) and FB210003 (F.E.B., T.A., R.D.); Grant No. 2020750 from the United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation and Grant No. 2109066 from the United States National Science Foundation, and by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel (A.Z.). A.M.M.A. acknowledges the AstroHackWeek 2018 event for helpful discussions that contributed to improve the code used in our analysis. The ALMA observations were carried out under programs ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.00999.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01425.S, and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01219.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. This work is based on data and catalog products from HFF-DeepSpace, funded by the National Science Foundation and Space Telescope Science Institute (operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555). This work utilizes gravitational lensing models produced by PIs Bradac, Natarajan & Kneib (CATS), Merten & Zitrin, Sharon, Williams, Keeton, Bernstein and Diego, and the GLAFIC group. This lens modeling was partially funded by the HST Frontier Fields program conducted by STScI. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. The lens models were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). |