Neuropsychoanalysis is a new discipline that arises in response to the need to reconcile psychoanalytic and neuroscientific perspectives of the mind in permanent dialogue, with the aim of giving rise to a better understanding of the emotional and cognitive foundations of psychiatric and neurological disorders. This dialogue goes back to the time of the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud, always had a scientific vision where he tried to correlate different functions, no longer in the nervous system, because the neuroscience of the time did not allow it, but in another place, a topic. Some lines of research and contributions of Neuropsychoanalysis are presented: The affective neuroscience problematizes some psychoanalytic concepts, it is posed to the emerging id of the inner visceral affective world, source of the core consciousness, on which the reflective consciousness of the self is based. The neurodynamics of dreams, through the method of dynamic localization is conceived to the dreaming process developing between regions of the brain as parts of a complex functional system, the regrediente character of dreams is put in evidence questioning the concept of censorship. Investigations in patients with impairment self-awareness due to acquired brain injury (ABI), the defense hypothesis and its clinical implications are developed and expanded. The work with amnestic patients by ABI, the development of transferential processes does not depend only on episodic memory, implicit transferential processes of affective order base for the development of transferential links are postulated, emphasis is placed on the work of the Self and processes of mentalization.