The article is dedicated to revision of epistemology and methodology of the concept of neuropsychological assessment. The basic statement is that neuropsychology as a field of knowledge uses theoretical concepts of neurosciences and social sciences. Such complicity requires the clearness in approach to the object of study. Two models in modern neuropsychology, cognitive model and historical cultural model, don't have coincidence in their approach to assessment, which is the central method in this sphere of knowledge. The goal of the article is to precise the term of qualitative assessment in neuropsychology and in social sciences. The article describes similarities and differences of this term for neuropsychology and for qualitative research in social sciences. The article characterizes the essence and theoretical bases of qualitative assessment according to historical cultural model in neuropsychology. The goals and level of qualitative assessment of human activity are presented. The conclusions affirm that qualitative assessment in neuropsychology establishes its own unit of analysis and has strong relation with concrete objectives of clinic and research.