Dicranopteris dichotoma (D. dichotoma) is a monodominant community in different vegetation restoration stages, in order to reveal the response of the soil bacterial community and physicochemical properties of the D. dichotoma population to different vegetation restoration stages. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine bacterial community structure in D. dichotoma population rhizosphere soils at different vegetation restoration stages, and the soil physicochemical properties were also determined. Change to with vegetation restoration, the soil physicochemical properties of the D. dichotoma population showed significant differences. The contents of organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and total nitrogen showed an upward trend, and the maximum values appeared at the broad-leaved forest stage. The richness and evenness of soil bacteria showed an increasing trend, while the Shannon and Simpson indexes showed no significant changes. The relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria increased with the vegetation restoration, while the relative abundance of Chloroflexi Gammaproteobacteria and Ktedonobacteria decreased. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Acidobacteriia showed an increasing-decreasing trend, and the relative abundance at the bare land stage was the lowest. A SEM model shows that vegetation restoration affects soil bacteria by improving soil physicochemical properties. Soil pH, total potassium, available potassium, and available phosphorus were positively correlated with Planctomycetacia, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria. Bacterial function prediction showed that soil bacterial function was similar at different vegetation restoration stages, and the main function was metabolic function. Vegetation restoration can create a good soil environment, which is conducive to the survival of soil bacteria, which is mainly reflected in the growth of soil bacterial diversity and the stability of bacterial community structure.