Specific learning disabilities include a group of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders, which imply a genetic cause with differentiated cognitive-behavioural expression influenced by environmental characteristics. This manuscript presents a theoretical review of causes, identification, and support alternatives for children with specific learning disorders including dyslexia, dyscalculia and dysgraphia. This is a review prepared for mental health workers and teachers and it is focused on facilitating their understanding of the basic mechanisms related with these conditions including phonological awareness and executive functions. A strong suggestion to explore evidence-based practices as the way to support people with learning disabilities is presented, in the context of personal-centered programs with a focus on human rights.