José Carlos Mariátegui’s Marxism is inscribed in the tradition of the defeated. His thought is a theoretical crossbreeding between Europe and the heterogeneity of Latin America. Mariátegui is one of the first Marxists to recognize the survival of agrarian communism and declare that the “problem of the Indian” is the problem of the land. This is one of the main hypotheses of what we call the decentering of abstract Marxism. Mariátegui’s Marxism would be neither European nor anti-European, but rather, the topology where abstract speculation stops. This opens Marxism to the materiality of a social and cultural politics based on agonal communism.