The substantial increase in poaching within the fisheries' management areas (MA) system in central Chile is likely driven by an interplay of socio-economic factors. To assess this problem, the exploitation state of an important benthic resource in the MAs (i.e., keyhole limpet) was related to socio-economic drivers of the fishery. The potential drivers of poaching included the level of formal and informal enforcement and distance to sur-veillance authorities, a rebound effect of fishing effort displacement by MAs, wave exposure and land-based access to the MA, and alternative economic activities in the fishing village. A Bayesian-Belief Network approach was adopted to assess the effects of potential drivers of poaching on the exploitation state of limpets, assessed by the proportion of the catch that is below the minimum legal size and by the relative median size of limpets fished within the MAs in comparison with neighboring open access areas. Results showed the important role of socio-economic (e.g., alternative economic activities in the village) and context variables (e.g., fishing effort displacement or distance to surveillance authorities) as drivers of poaching in the study area. Scenario analysis explored variables that are susceptible to be managed, evidencing that an integrative ecological and socio-economic approach can offer solutions to the unsustainable exploitation of marine resources.