Objectives: To describe the phenomenon of rebound pain associated with peripheral nerve blocks in the setting of trauma and orthopedic surgery, to know its characteristics, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, preventive and treatment measures. Methodology: Non-systematic bibliographic review of articles in English, in medical databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Epistemonikos and Cochrane library in January 2021, restricting the search to articles published in the last five years. A total of 58 articles related to rebound pain in the context of orthopedic and trauma surgery were identified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: It was evidenced that there is still no consensus on its definition, although it presents repeated characteristics, such as acute and transitory pain, which occurs after the resolution of the peripheral nerve block. An incidence of up to 50% is described in the outpatient setting, but there is no data outside this setting. Its pathophysiology is complex and not yet fully understood, however, a peripheral sensitization component could determine a higher incidence of the phenomenon. Recognized risk factors correspond to trauma and orthopedic surgeries of the upper limb with dense peripheral nerve blocks and young female patients. In relation to its prevention, dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine stand out as promising adjuvants that together with a multimodal analgesia scheme can mitigate its appearance. Conclusions: Understanding the impact of rebound pain, its characteristics, risk factors, preventive measures and benefits of multimodal analgesia, is part of a comprehensive clinical practice to avoid the negative consequences of increased use of health resources, as well as to reduce the consumption of opioids and their known adverse effects.