Mt. Somma-Vesuvius (SV) is considered to be one of the most dangerous stratovolcanoes in the world because of more than 3,000,000 people living in close proximity to the flank of this active volcano. The area surrounding SV is classified as a very high risk region based mainly on the tendency of this volcano to have violent, explosive plinian eruptions. Over the last few decades, the volcanic complex has served as a fully accessible natural laboratory, where scientists have applied different analytical techniques (geophysical and geochemical) to unravel the nature and evolution of magmas, the location and structure of magma storage, and the effect of volatiles to determine the frequency and style of eruptions. In this chapter, I present a comprehensive review of the use of melt inclusions (MIs) as tracers for understanding the geochemical composition of magmas and the evolution of SV, as well as a compilation of MIs data from the literature.