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| DOI | 10.1093/MNRAS/STAB1687 | ||||
| Año | 2021 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
The accuracy of theoretical mass, radius, and effective temperature values for M-dwarf stars is an active topic of debate. Differences between observed and theoretical values have raised the possibility that current theoretical stellar structure and evolution models are inaccurate towards the low-mass end of the main sequence. To explore this issue, we use the CHEOPS satellite to obtain high-precision light curves of eclipsing binaries with low-mass stellar companions. We use these light curves combined with the spectroscopic orbit for the solar-type companion to measure the mass, radius, and effective temperature of the M-dwarf star. Here, we present the analysis of three eclipsing binaries. We use the pycheops data analysis software to fit the observed transit and eclipse events of each system. Two of our systems were also observed by the TESS satellite - we similarly analyse these light curves for comparison. We find consistent results between CHEOPS and TESS, presenting three stellar radii and two stellar effective temperature values of low-mass stellar objects. These initial results from our on-going observing programme with CHEOPS show that we can expect to have similar to 24 new mass, radius, and effective temperature measurements for very low-mass stars within the next few years.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Swayne, Matthew | - |
Keele Univ - Reino Unido
Keele University - Reino Unido |
| 2 | Maxted, Pierre F. L. | Hombre |
Keele Univ - Reino Unido
Keele University - Reino Unido |
| 3 | Triaud, A. | Hombre |
Univ Birmingham - Reino Unido
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| 4 | Sousa, Sergio G. | Hombre |
Univ Porto - Portugal
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto - Portugal Universidade do Porto - Portugal |
| 5 | Broeg, C. | Hombre |
Univ Bern - Suiza
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza University of Bern - Suiza Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza |
| 6 | Floren, H. -G. | - |
Stockholm Univ - Suecia
Stockholms universitet - Suecia |
| 7 | Guterman, P. | - |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Div Tech INSU - Francia Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - Francia Division Technique Insu - Francia |
| 8 | Simon, A. E. | - |
Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza |
| 9 | Boisse, Isabelle | Mujer |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - Francia |
| 10 | Bonfanti, A. | Mujer |
Austrian Acad Sci - Austria
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 11 | Martin, David V. | - |
OHIO STATE UNIV - Estados Unidos
The Ohio State University - Estados Unidos |
| 12 | Santerne, A. | Hombre |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - Francia |
| 13 | Salmon, S. | - |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 14 | Standing, M. R. | - |
Univ Birmingham - Reino Unido
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| 15 | Van Grootel, V. | Mujer |
Univ Liege - Bélgica
Universite de Liege - Bélgica |
| 16 | Wilson, T. G. | Hombre |
Univ St Andrews - Reino Unido
University of St Andrews - Reino Unido |
| 17 | Alibert, Y. | Hombre |
Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza |
| 18 | Alonso, Roi | - |
Inst Astrofis Canarias - España
UNIV LA LAGUNA - España Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias - España Universidad de La Laguna - España |
| 19 | Anglada-Escude, G. | Hombre |
CSIC - España
Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC - España CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE) - España Instituto de Estudios Espaciales de Cataluña - España |
| 20 | Asquier, J. | Hombre |
European Space Agcy - Países Bajos
ESTEC - European Space Research and Technology Centre - Países Bajos |
| 21 | Barczy, T. | - |
Admatis - Hungría
Admatis Ltd. - Hungría |
| 22 | Barrado, D. | Hombre |
Ctr Astrobiol CSIC INTA - España
Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) - España CSIC-INTA - Centro de Astrobiología (CAB) - España |
| 23 | Barros, Susana | Mujer |
Univ Porto - Portugal
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto - Portugal Universidade do Porto - Portugal |
| 24 | Battley, Matthew P. | Hombre |
Univ Warwick - Reino Unido
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine - Reino Unido University of Warwick - Reino Unido |
| 25 | Baumjohann, W. | - |
Austrian Acad Sci - Austria
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 26 | Beck, M. | - |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 27 | Beck, T. | - |
Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza |
| 28 | Bekkelien, A. | - |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 29 | Benz, W. | Hombre |
Univ Bern - Suiza
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza University of Bern - Suiza Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza |
| 30 | Billot, N. | - |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 31 | Bonfils, Xavier | Hombre |
Univ Grenoble Alpes - Francia
Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) - Francia |
| 32 | Brandeker, A. | Hombre |
Stockholm Univ - Suecia
Stockholms universitet - Suecia |
| 33 | Busch, M-D | - |
Univ Bern - Suiza
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza University of Bern - Suiza Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza |
| 34 | CABRERA-PEREZ, JUAN | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania |
| 35 | Charnoz, S. | Hombre |
UNIV PARIS - Francia
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris - Francia |
| 36 | Cameron, A. | Hombre |
Univ St Andrews - Reino Unido
University of St Andrews - Reino Unido |
| 37 | Csizmadia, Szilard | - |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania |
| 38 | Davies, Melvyn B. | Hombre |
Lund Univ - Suecia
Lund Observatory - Suecia |
| 39 | Deleuil, M. | Mujer |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - Francia |
| 40 | Deline, Adrien | Hombre |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 41 | Delrez, L. | Mujer |
Univ Liege - Bélgica
Universite de Liege - Bélgica |
| 42 | Demangeon, O. | Hombre |
Univ Porto - Portugal
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto - Portugal Universidade do Porto - Portugal |
| 43 | Demory, Brice-Olivier | - |
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza
Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza |
| 44 | Dransfield, Georgina | Mujer |
Univ Birmingham - Reino Unido
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| 45 | Ehrenreich, D. | Hombre |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 46 | Ségransan, Damien | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia Univ Geneva - Suiza UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia Sterrewacht Leiden - Países Bajos Onsala Space Observatory - Suecia Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 47 | Fortier, A. | - |
Univ Bern - Suiza
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza University of Bern - Suiza Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza |
| 48 | Fossati, Luca | Hombre |
Austrian Acad Sci - Austria
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 49 | Ségransan, Damien | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia Univ Geneva - Suiza UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia Sterrewacht Leiden - Países Bajos Onsala Space Observatory - Suecia Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 50 | Ségransan, Damien | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia Univ Geneva - Suiza UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia Sterrewacht Leiden - Países Bajos Onsala Space Observatory - Suecia Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 51 | Gandolfi, D. | Hombre |
Univ Torino - Italia
Università degli Studi di Torino - Italia University of Bern - Italia |
| 52 | Gillon, Michael | Hombre |
Univ Liege - Bélgica
Universite de Liege - Bélgica |
| 53 | Güdel, Manuel | Hombre |
Univ Vienna - Austria
Universität Wien - Austria |
| 54 | Hébrard, Guillaume | Hombre |
UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia
Univ Aix Marseille - Francia Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris - Francia Observatoire de Haute-Provence - Francia UNIV PARIS - Francia |
| 55 | Heidari, N. | - |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Shahid Beheshti Univ - Iran Univ Nice Sophia Antipolis UNS - Francia Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille - Francia Shahid Beheshti University - Iran Laboratoire Joseph-Louis Lagrange - Francia |
| 56 | Hellier, C. | - |
Keele Univ - Reino Unido
Keele University - Reino Unido |
| 57 | Heng, K. | Hombre |
Ctr Space & Habitabil - Suiza
Univ Warwick - Reino Unido Center for Space and Habitability - Suiza Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine - Reino Unido University of Warwick - Reino Unido |
| 58 | Hobson, M. | Mujer |
Instituto Milenio de Astrofísica - Chile
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile - Chile |
| 59 | HOYER-MIRANDA, SERGIO DAVID | Hombre |
Aix Marseille Univ - Francia
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 60 | Isaak, K. G. | Mujer |
European Space Res & Technol Ctr ESTEC - Países Bajos
ESTEC - European Space Research and Technology Centre - Países Bajos European Space Agcy - Países Bajos |
| 61 | Kiss, L. | Hombre |
Res Ctr Astron & Earth Sci - Hungría
Eotvos Lorand Univ - Hungría UNIV SYDNEY - Australia Konkoly Observatory - Hungría Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem - Hungría The University of Sydney - Australia |
| 62 | Hodzic, V. Kunovac | - |
Stockholm Univ - Suecia
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| 62 | Kunovac Hodžić, V. | - |
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido
Stockholms universitet - Suecia |
| 63 | Lalitha, S. | - |
Univ Birmingham - Reino Unido
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| 64 | Laskar, J. | Hombre |
Sorbonne Univ - Francia
L'Observatoire de Paris - Francia |
| 65 | des Etangs, Alain Lecavelier | - |
Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris - Francia
UNIV PARIS - Francia |
| 65 | Ségransan, Damien | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia Univ Geneva - Suiza UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia Sterrewacht Leiden - Países Bajos Onsala Space Observatory - Suecia Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 66 | Lendl, M. | Mujer |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 67 | Lovis, Christophe | Hombre |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 68 | Magrin, D. | - |
Osserv Astron Padova - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia |
| 69 | Marafatto, L. | Hombre |
Osserv Astron Padova - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia |
| 70 | McCormac, James | Hombre |
Univ Warwick - Reino Unido
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine - Reino Unido University of Warwick - Reino Unido |
| 71 | Miller, N. | - |
Keele Univ - Reino Unido
Keele University - Reino Unido |
| 72 | Nascimbeni, V. | Hombre |
Osserv Astron Padova - Italia
Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia |
| 73 | Olofsson, Goran | Hombre |
Stockholm Univ - Suecia
Stockholms universitet - Suecia |
| 74 | Ottensamer, R. | - |
Univ Vienna - Austria
Universität Wien - Austria |
| 75 | Pagano, I. | Mujer |
Osserv Astrofis Catania - Italia
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania - Italia |
| 76 | Palle, Enric | Hombre |
Inst Astrofis Canarias - España
UNIV LA LAGUNA - España Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias - España Universidad de La Laguna - España |
| 77 | Peter, G. | - |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania |
| 78 | Piotto, Giampaolo | Hombre |
Osserv Astron Padova - Italia
Univ Padua - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Università degli Studi di Padova - Italia |
| 79 | Pollacco, Don | Hombre |
Univ Warwick - Reino Unido
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine - Reino Unido University of Warwick - Reino Unido |
| 80 | Queloz, Didier | Hombre |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Cavendish Lab - Reino Unido Faculty of Science - Suiza Department of Physics - Reino Unido |
| 81 | Ragazzoni, R. | Hombre |
Osserv Astron Padova - Italia
Univ Padua - Italia Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova - Italia Università degli Studi di Padova - Italia |
| 82 | Rando, N. | Hombre |
European Space Agcy - Países Bajos
ESTEC - European Space Research and Technology Centre - Países Bajos |
| 83 | Rauer, H. | Mujer |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
TECH UNIV BERLIN - Alemania FREE UNIV BERLIN - Alemania Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania Technische Universität Berlin - Alemania Freie Universität Berlin - Alemania |
| 84 | Ribas, I. | Hombre |
CSIC - España
Inst Estudis Espacials Catalunya IEEC - España CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Espacio (ICE) - España Instituto de Estudios Espaciales de Cataluña - España |
| 85 | Santos, Nuno C. | Hombre |
Univ Porto - Portugal
Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto - Portugal Universidade do Porto - Portugal |
| 86 | Scandariato, G. | - |
Osserv Astrofis Catania - Italia
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania - Italia |
| 87 | Ségransan, Damien | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Leiden Univ - Países Bajos Chalmers Univ Technol - Suecia Univ Geneva - Suiza UNIV PARIS 06 - Francia Sterrewacht Leiden - Países Bajos Onsala Space Observatory - Suecia Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 88 | Smith, A. M. S. | Hombre |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania |
| 89 | Steinberger, M. | - |
Austrian Acad Sci - Austria
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 90 | Steller, M. | - |
Austrian Acad Sci - Austria
Institut fur Weltraumforschung - Austria |
| 91 | Szabo, Gy. M. | Hombre |
Eotvos Lorand Univ - Hungría
MTA ELTE Exoplanet Res Grp - Hungría Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem - Hungría |
| 92 | Thomas, Neal J. | Hombre |
Univ Bern - Suiza
University of Bern - Suiza |
| 93 | Celino, J. J. | Hombre |
Univ Geneva - Suiza
Faculty of Science - Suiza |
| 94 | Walter, I. | - |
German Aerosp Ctr DLR - Alemania
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) - Alemania |
| 95 | Walton, N. A. | Hombre |
UNIV CAMBRIDGE - Reino Unido
Institute of Astronomy - Reino Unido |
| 96 | Willett, E. | - |
Univ Birmingham - Reino Unido
University of Birmingham - Reino Unido |
| Fuente |
|---|
| Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation |
| FEDER |
| FCT |
| European Regional Development Fund |
| Swiss National Science Foundation |
| European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme |
| Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) |
| STFC Consolidated |
| Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) |
| CNES |
| Swedish National Space Agency |
| UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) |
| European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union |
| Simons Foundation |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme |
| Swiss National Fund |
| NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship |
| Leverhulme Trust Research Project |
| Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme |
| French Programme National de Planetologie (PNP, INSU) |
| Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA |
| City of Szombathely |
| FCT through national funds |
| FCT through FCT |
| CRT foundation |
| Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program |
| SNSA |
| ESA contract |
| FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through FCT |
| University of Li`ege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions - Wallonia-Brussels Federation |
| observations obtained at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (CNRS), France |
| ANID -Millennium Science Initiative -ICN12 009 |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| This work was supported by FCT through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B-OD acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-190080). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant no. 724427). This project has been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323 `Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds'. MG is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MH acknowledges support from ANID -Millennium Science Initiative -ICN12 009. SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant no. 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant no. 327127). This project has been supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grants GINOP-2.3.215-2016-00003, K-119517, K-125015, and the City of Szombathely under agreement no. 67.177-21/2016. |
| CHEOPS is an ESA mission in partnership with Switzerland with important contributions to the payload and the ground segment from Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The CHEOPS Consortium would like to gratefully acknowledge the support received by all the agencies, offices, universities, and industries involved. Their flexibility and willingness to explore new approaches were essential to the success of this mission. This publication makes use of The Data & Analysis Center for Exoplanets (DACE), which is a facility based at the University of Geneva (CH) dedicated to extrasolar planets data visualization, exchange and analysis. DACE is a platform of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) PlanetS, federating the Swiss expertise in Exoplanet research. The DACE platform is available at https://dace.unige.ch.We would like to thank the anonymous referee for their timely review of the manuscript. MIS thanks Giovanni Bruno for his comments on the draft of this manuscript. MIS and PFLM are supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) grant numbers ST/M001040/1 and ST/T506175/1. This research is supported from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 803193/BEBOP), by a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant No. (RPG-2018-418), and by observations obtained at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence (CNRS), France (PI: Santerne). SGS acknowledges support from FCT -Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia through FCT contract no. CEECIND/00826/2018 and POPH/FSE (EC). IB, AS, and TL acknowledge financial support from the French Programme National de Plan ' etologie (PNP, INSU). Support for this work was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HST-HF2-51464 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. SS has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 833925, project STAREX). VVG is an F.R.S-FNRS Research Associate. ACC and TW acknowledge support from STFC consolidated grant no. ST/M001296/1. YA and MJH acknowledge the support of the Swiss National Fund under grant no. 200020 172746. We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant nos ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435C2-2-R, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, PGC2018-098153-B-C31, ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R, MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia `Mar ' ia de Maeztu'-Centro de Astrobiolog ' ia (INTA-CSIC), as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. The MOC activities have been supported by the ESA contract no. 4000124370. SCCB acknowledges support from FCT through FCT contracts no. IF/01312/2014/CP1215/CT0004. XB, SC, DG, MF, and JL acknowledge their role as ESA-appointed CHEOPS science team members. ABr was supported by the SNSA. This project was supported by the CNES. LD is an F.R.S.-FNRS Postdoctoral Researcher. The Belgian participation to CHEOPS has been supported by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) in the framework of the PRODEX Program, and by the University of Li`ege through an ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. |
| This work was supported by FCT through national funds and by FEDER through COMPETE2020 -Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao by these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019; UIDB/04434/2020; UIDP/04434/2020; PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113; PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953; PTDC/FIS-AST/28987/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028987. ODSD is supported in the form of work contract (DL 57/2016/CP1364/CT0004) funded by national funds through FCT. B-OD acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-190080). This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project FOUR ACES; grant no. 724427). This project has been carried out in the frame of the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). MF and CMP gratefully acknowledge the support of the Swedish National Space Agency (DNR 65/19, 174/18). DG gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under grant no. 2018.2323 `Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds'. MG is an F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. MH acknowledges support from ANID -Millennium Science Initiative -ICN12 009. SH gratefully acknowledges CNES funding through the grant no. 837319. KGI is the ESA CHEOPS Project Scientist and is responsible for the ESA CHEOPS Guest Observers Programme. She does not participate in, or contribute to, the definition of the Guaranteed Time Programme of the CHEOPS mission through which observations described in this paper have been taken, nor to any aspect of target selection for the programme. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of MesoPSL financed by the Region Ile de France and the project Equip@Meso (reference ANR-10-EQPX-29-01) of the programme Investissements d'Avenir supervised by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche. This work was also partially supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (PI: Queloz, grant no. 327127). This project has been supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH) grants GINOP-2.3.215-2016-00003, K-119517, K-125015, and the City of Szombathely under agreement no. 67.177-21/2016. |