In this article we propose to characterize some of the central aspects of the contemporary Marxist interpretation of the method of criticism of political economy and the respective scope for (re)thinking modern social domination based on Karl Marx's theory of value. To develop this objective, first, a critical review of the classical Marxist interpretation of Marx's science and method is exposed, then, with this, we delve into the problem of the presentation [Darstellung] of society as formation and social realization of capital arguing the link of simultaneity between modernity and capitalism as a logical-conceptual relationship of social domination.