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Energy poverty influences urban outdoor air pollution levels during COVID-19 lockdown in south-central Chile
| Indexado |
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| DOI | 10.1016/J.ENPOL.2021.112571 | ||||
| Año | 2021 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
Abstract
The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on ambient air pollution levels in urban south-central Chile, where outdoor air pollution primarily originates indoors from wood burning for heating, may differ from trends in cities where transportation and industrial emission sources dominate. This quasi-experimental study compared hourly fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particulate matter measurements from six air monitors (three beta attenuation monitors; three low-cost sensors) in commercial and low/middle-income residential areas of Temuco, Chile between 2019 and 2020. The potential impact of varying annual meterological conditions on air quality was also assessed. During COVID-19 lockdown, average monthly ambient PM2.5 concentrations in a commercial and middle-income residential neighborhood of Temuco were up to 50% higher (from 12 to 18 μg/m3) and 59% higher (from 22 to 35 μg/m3) than 2019 levels, respectively. Conversely, PM2.5 levels decreased by up to 52% (from 43 to 21 μg/m3) in low-income areas. The fine fraction of PM10 in April 2020 was 48% higher than in April 2017–2019 (from 50% to 74%) in a commercial area. These changes did not appear to result from meterological differences between years. During COVID-19 lockdown, higher outdoor PM2.5 pollution from wood heating existed in more affluent areas of Temuco, while PM2.5 concentrations declined among poorer households refraining from wood heating. To reduce air pollution and energy poverty in south-central Chile, affordability of clean heating fuels (e.g. electricity) should be a policy priority.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Martinez-Soto, Aner | Hombre |
Universidad de La Frontera - Chile
|
| 2 | Avendaño-Vera, Constanza | Mujer |
Universidad de La Frontera - Chile
|
| 2 | Vera, Constanza C. Avendano | - |
Universidad de La Frontera - Chile
|
| 3 | Boso, Alex | Hombre |
Universidad de La Frontera - Chile
|
| 4 | Hofflinger, Alvaro | Hombre |
Universidad de La Frontera - Chile
|
| 5 | Shupler, Matthew | Hombre |
University of Liverpool - Reino Unido
UNIV LIVERPOOL - Reino Unido |
| Fuente |
|---|
| Universidad de La Frontera |
| National Institute for Health Research |
| Department of Health and Social Care |
| National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) from the UK government |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| The SPS30 sensors are part of a larger network of 30 sensors throughout Temuco, developed by the Center for Software Engineering Studies at Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO) (?Plataforma AIRE CEIUFRO,, ? n.d.) with support from the municipality of Temuco, that provide real-time air quality data to residents via a mobile and web application called ?AIRE Temuco? (http://aire.ceisufro.cl/#/dashboard). The sensors were used as part of the Temuco air monitoring network because they are cheaper, less bulky and have lower power requirements (Rai et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2015), enabling a much larger number of measurements to be collected in the city on a modest budget. As the performance of low-cost sensors is generally not well-characterized (e.g. the relationship between reflected light and particle size is altered by the particle composition and size distribution (Thomas and Gebhart, 1994)) and their long-term reliability is uncertain, it is important that the performance of the monitors is evaluated to ensure data accuracy (Castell et al., 2017; Jova?evi?-Stojanovi? et al., 2015).The authors would like to thank the AIRE Temuco team for their technical assistance with air monitor specifications and calibration methodology. The authors received no external sources of funding to conduct this work. Matthew Shupler is funded by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (ref: 17/63/155) using UK aid from the UK government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. |
| The SPS30 sensors are part of a larger network of 30 sensors throughout Temuco, developed by the Center for Software Engineering Studies at Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO) (?Plataforma AIRE CEIUFRO,, ? n.d.) with support from the municipality of Temuco, that provide real-time air quality data to residents via a mobile and web application called ?AIRE Temuco? (http://aire.ceisufro.cl/#/dashboard). The sensors were used as part of the Temuco air monitoring network because they are cheaper, less bulky and have lower power requirements (Rai et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2015), enabling a much larger number of measurements to be collected in the city on a modest budget. As the performance of low-cost sensors is generally not well-characterized (e.g. the relationship between reflected light and particle size is altered by the particle composition and size distribution (Thomas and Gebhart, 1994)) and their long-term reliability is uncertain, it is important that the performance of the monitors is evaluated to ensure data accuracy (Castell et al., 2017; Jova?evi?-Stojanovi? et al., 2015).The authors would like to thank the AIRE Temuco team for their technical assistance with air monitor specifications and calibration methodology. The authors received no external sources of funding to conduct this work. Matthew Shupler is funded by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (ref: 17/63/155) using UK aid from the UK government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. |
| The authors would like to thank the AIRE Temuco team for their technical assistance with air monitor specifications and calibration methodology. The authors received no external sources of funding to conduct this work. Matthew Shupler is funded by a grant from the Na-tional Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (ref: 17/63/155) using UK aid from the UK government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. |
