Septic shock is an important cause of mortality among critically ill patients. It arises out of a complex interaction between a susceptible host and a virulent pathogen. This interaction causes a massive release of different inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and microbial antigens to bloodstream, and activation of different cell populations, e.g. leukocytes and endothelial cells. The result of such chaotic, uncontrolled and deregulated inflammatory cascade damages different organ tissues, which leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and eventually, death. Once diagnosed the occurrence of septic shock, antibiotic and fluid therapies have been proven effective, while identification of this condition remains challenging. So, to increase survival rates and to improve clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, clinical behavior should be focused in early and accurate identification of risk factors and diagnosis. Also novel biomarkers research and development of new diagnostic laboratory tools should be promoted. Altogether, these progresses may provide a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this pathology, which could result in better and earlier target-specific therapeutical strategies to prevent its progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. © 2012 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.