This chapter presents an analysis of Chilean Mediterranean forests, focusing on the current and potential value of the resource, in a climate change scenario. This diagnosis begins with a general description of forests and shrublands, briefly characterizing the origin and current status of the vegetation of these ecosystems. Next, is a brief history of anthropogenic effects on Mediterranean forests, and analyzes its current condition of degradation, identifying key pressure agents, risks, and threats. Then, describes the use of traditional forms of this resource, and discusses their sustainable management projections, proposing management models that integrate the potentials and constraints of Mediterranean ecosystems. Finally, describes the possible conservation scenarios of this resource, based on its current condition and global changes, identifying ecosystem services that justify the importance of the Mediterranean forests conservation and restoration in Chile. © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.