Objective: Describe and analyze the principle changes in child health during the last decades, identify new challenges and relate them to the paediatrician role in this area. Method: Review of biomedical literature and national statistics related to infant health. Results: The biodemographic parameters of health care have shown a positive evolution, demonstrating the success of preventive programs and mother-child health supervision. The most frequent causes of death have changed, being now emerging diseases, excess nutritional disorders and chronic pathologies; in the future, infant mortality will concentrate on congenital and perinatal diseases. Drugs and alcohol abuse and sexual activity begin at an early age, with increase in adolescent pregnancy. The paediatrician role (lawyer of the rights of children) is to detect pathologies and guide a multidisciplinary health team capable of promoting children health and prevent diseases. The final goal is to contribute to a better life quality of old people