The bio-geographic characteristics of the temperate America favored the introduction and spreading of exotic plant and animal species that supported the Hispanic-Mediterranean farming model. The effects of this situation produced ecological alterations on the territories inhabited by Indians without intense productive systems; as the Araucania case. Through a historical and documental analysis this paper reports the main characteristics of the Araucanian ecological landscape disruption process during the 16(th) and 17(th) centuries: (i) during the 16(th) century, the introduction of exotic species dislocated the Mapuche economic system, (ii) both the relative Araucania pristine conditions and the warlike process, occurred between the 16(th) and 17(th) centuries, favored the introduction and spreading of the new species, (iii) during the 16(th) century, both natives and exotic species coexisted, but during the next century the exotic species predominated, and (iv) this preponderance would have produced a local extinction of native plants and animals, disrupting definitively the Araucanian ecological landscape.