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Probing the Gas Content of Late-stage Protoplanetary Disks with N<sub>2</sub>H<SUP>+</SUP>
Indexado
WoS WOS:000482527100010
Scopus SCOPUS_ID:85072318284
DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/AB2CB5
Año 2019
Tipo artículo de investigación

Citas Totales

Autores Afiliación Chile

Instituciones Chile

% Participación
Internacional

Autores
Afiliación Extranjera

Instituciones
Extranjeras


Abstract



The lifetime of gas in circumstellar disks is a fundamental quantity that informs our understanding of planet formation. Studying disk gas evolution requires measurements of disk masses around stars of various ages. Because H-2 gas is unobservable under most disk conditions, total disk masses are based on indirect tracers such as sub-mm dust and CO emission. The uncertainty in the relation between these tracers and the disk mass increases as the disk evolves. In a few well-studied disks, CO exhibits depletions of up to 100x below the assumed interstellar value. Thus, additional tracers are required to accurately determine the total gas mass. The relative lack of nitrogen found in solid solar system bodies may indicate that it persists in volatile form, making nitrogen-bearing species more robust tracers of gas in more evolved disks. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array detections of N2H+ in two mature, similar to 5-11 Myr old disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association. Such detections imply the presence of H-2-rich gas and sources of ionization, both required for N2H+ formation. The Upper Sco disks also show elevated N2H+/CO flux ratios when compared to previously observed disks with greater than or similar to 10x higher CO fluxes. Based on line ratio predictions from a grid of thermochemical disk models, a significantly reduced CO/H-2 abundance of <10(-6) for a gas-to-dust ratio of greater than or similar to 100 is required to produce the observed N2H+ fluxes. These systems appear to maintain H-2 gas reservoirs and indicate that carbon-and nitrogen-bearing species follow distinct physical or chemical pathways as disks evolve.

Revista



Revista ISSN
Astrophysical Journal 0004-637X

Métricas Externas



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Disciplinas de Investigación



WOS
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Scopus
Sin Disciplinas
SciELO
Sin Disciplinas

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Publicaciones WoS (Ediciones: ISSHP, ISTP, AHCI, SSCI, SCI), Scopus, SciELO Chile.

Colaboración Institucional



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Autores - Afiliación



Ord. Autor Género Institución - País
1 Anderson, Dana E. Mujer CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos
2 Blake, Geoffrey A. Hombre CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos
3 Bergin, Edwin A. Hombre UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos
4 Hanagaki, K. Mujer UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos
5 Carpenter, John M. Hombre Atacama Large Millimeter Array - Chile
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array - Chile
6 Schwarz, Kamber Hombre UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos
7 Huang, Jane Mujer Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys - Estados Unidos
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Estados Unidos
8 OBERG, KARIN, I Mujer Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys - Estados Unidos
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Estados Unidos

Muestra la afiliación y género (detectado) para los co-autores de la publicación.

Financiamiento



Fuente
National Science Foundation
NSF
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA through Hubble Fellowship
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.

Agradecimientos



Agradecimiento
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144469 and funding from NSF grants AST-1514670 and AST-1344133 (INSPIRE) as well as NASA NNX 16AB48G. J.C. acknowledges support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 15XRP15_20140 issued through the Exoplanets Research Program. K.Z. acknowledges the support of NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51401.001-A. J.H. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144152. This work makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01199.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00526.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.00964.S, and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.00226.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. We thank NRAO for assistance with data reduction and the anonymous reviewer for critically reading the manuscript and providing insightful feedback.

Muestra la fuente de financiamiento declarada en la publicación.