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| DOI | 10.3847/1538-4357/AB2CB5 | ||||
| Año | 2019 | ||||
| Tipo | artículo de investigación |
Citas Totales
Autores Afiliación Chile
Instituciones Chile
% Participación
Internacional
Autores
Afiliación Extranjera
Instituciones
Extranjeras
The lifetime of gas in circumstellar disks is a fundamental quantity that informs our understanding of planet formation. Studying disk gas evolution requires measurements of disk masses around stars of various ages. Because H-2 gas is unobservable under most disk conditions, total disk masses are based on indirect tracers such as sub-mm dust and CO emission. The uncertainty in the relation between these tracers and the disk mass increases as the disk evolves. In a few well-studied disks, CO exhibits depletions of up to 100x below the assumed interstellar value. Thus, additional tracers are required to accurately determine the total gas mass. The relative lack of nitrogen found in solid solar system bodies may indicate that it persists in volatile form, making nitrogen-bearing species more robust tracers of gas in more evolved disks. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array detections of N2H+ in two mature, similar to 5-11 Myr old disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association. Such detections imply the presence of H-2-rich gas and sources of ionization, both required for N2H+ formation. The Upper Sco disks also show elevated N2H+/CO flux ratios when compared to previously observed disks with greater than or similar to 10x higher CO fluxes. Based on line ratio predictions from a grid of thermochemical disk models, a significantly reduced CO/H-2 abundance of <10(-6) for a gas-to-dust ratio of greater than or similar to 100 is required to produce the observed N2H+ fluxes. These systems appear to maintain H-2 gas reservoirs and indicate that carbon-and nitrogen-bearing species follow distinct physical or chemical pathways as disks evolve.
| Ord. | Autor | Género | Institución - País |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anderson, Dana E. | Mujer |
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos |
| 2 | Blake, Geoffrey A. | Hombre |
CALTECH - Estados Unidos
Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences - Estados Unidos |
| 3 | Bergin, Edwin A. | Hombre |
UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos |
| 4 | Hanagaki, K. | Mujer |
UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos |
| 5 | Carpenter, John M. | Hombre |
Atacama Large Millimeter Array - Chile
Atacama Large Millimeter-submillimeter Array - Chile |
| 6 | Schwarz, Kamber | Hombre |
UNIV MICHIGAN - Estados Unidos
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor - Estados Unidos |
| 7 | Huang, Jane | Mujer |
Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys - Estados Unidos
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Estados Unidos |
| 8 | OBERG, KARIN, I | Mujer |
Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys - Estados Unidos
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics - Estados Unidos |
| Fuente |
|---|
| National Science Foundation |
| NSF |
| NASA |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NASA through Hubble Fellowship |
| National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship |
| Agradecimiento |
|---|
| This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144469 and funding from NSF grants AST-1514670 and AST-1344133 (INSPIRE) as well as NASA NNX 16AB48G. J.C. acknowledges support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under grant No. 15XRP15_20140 issued through the Exoplanets Research Program. K.Z. acknowledges the support of NASA through Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51401.001-A. J.H. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144152. This work makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.01199.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2011.0.00526.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2015.1.00964.S, and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2013.1.00226.S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. We thank NRAO for assistance with data reduction and the anonymous reviewer for critically reading the manuscript and providing insightful feedback. |