The Oryzomyini rodent tribe is the most diverse taxon within the Sigmodontinae subfamily. This tribe includes 120 species and 31 genera, of which 83 are endemic to the South American continent. This tribe presents a wide distribution, covering the entire Neotropical biogeographic province, and is characterized by the presence of greater richness in the Amazonian area, with a monotonic decrease towards the south and north of South America. This pattern is well-known in many taxa, for which various causal mechanisms have been proposed. However, the mechanisms that explain this pattern of species richness along the latitudinal gradient in the Oryzomyini tribe are unknown. Given that these species are native to Amazonia, and that throughout their history they colonized new and more variable environments (towards the south and north), we evaluated the source-sink hypothesis, mediated by processes of colonization and extinction, as a potential explanation for the observed pattern of richness. To test this hypothesis we built a database of species' distribution and richness every one degree of latitude for the entire South American continent. Subsequently we assessed the degree of nestedness using the T (temperature), BR (discrepancy) and NODE indices. Our results show a significant degree of nesting in the Oryzomyini distribution, and a significant degree of nesting of the rows and columns of the data matrix, separately. Therefore, we conclude that source-sink dynamics affect the pattern of richness distribution of Oryzomine rodents, through a process of colonization during its expansion in South America, which was conditioned by the range of tolerance of the species. This resulted in the extinction of the less tolerant species, which finally resulted in a lower number of species towards the south and north of Amazonia.