Post transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) associated with EBV infection is one of the most life-threatening complications in SOT and HSCT. Risk factors for infection or reactivation of EBV in SOT are the use of greater immunosuppression, seronegative receptor and CMV infection. In HSCT, the risk factors are related to type of transplant, HLA disparity, the greater immunosuppression, T-cell depletion and severe GVHD. There is no scientific evidence to support the use of specific therapy for prophylaxis of EBV infection. Prophylaxis recommendations focus on avoid exposure of transplant recipients to sources of virus, through hygiene practices such as hand washing (A3), avoid sharing utensils (B3) and avoid contact with potentially infected secretions (respiratory or saliva) (A2). For PTLD prevention, the recommendation is regular EBV viral load monitoring by rtPCR. In SOT with logarithmic rising of EBV loads, it is recommended to reduce immunosuppression and periodically perform exams to diagnose PTLD. In HSCT, it is recommended to reduce immunosuppression whenever possible, and use rituximab according to specific protocol. Acyclovir or gancyclovir have not proven to be of any efficacy in PTLD prophylaxis in SOT (C3) or HSCT (D2), so their administration as preemptive therapy is no recommended.